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Championnat Européen de DRIFT – Bordeaux Mérignac Gironde 13 et 14 septembre 2014 – BMW M3 – Moteur Engine Puissance Power Car Speed Vitesse – Picture Image Photography – King of Europe KOE turbo oil huile frein brake transmission www.supercar-roadtrip.fr

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Bordeaux race track makes its return on the calendar with a very nice and curvy layout. France is a big motorsport nation and with this event running just 1 week before the final, it means all the best drivers will be in attendance on this demanding circuit.
www.kingofeurope.net/2014b/index.php/component/ohanah/pro…

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La M3 e30 en compétition
BMW M3 E30 en course.
BMW M3 E30 en DTM (ici lors du Essen Motor Show 2011).

Parmi les nombreux préparateurs qui la développèrent et l’engagèrent, l’équipe britannique PRODRIVE de David Richards, connu son heure de gloire avec cette voiture.

Elle gagna à 4 reprises la fameuse course d’endurance des 24 Heures de Spa (1987, 1988, 1990 et 1992).

En rallyes, elle remporta la première manche du championnat du monde à laquelle elle participa : le Tour de Corse 1987, entre les mains du français Bernard Béguin (avec plus de deux minutes d’avance sur son compatriote Yves Loubet). Avec la M3, Béguin fut vice-champion de France des rallyes en 1987 et 1988.

Toujours en rallye, citons aussi :

ses deux titres en Championnat de Belgique des rallyes (BRC): en 1988 avec Patrick Snijers, vice-champion d’Europe la même année et 1989 grâce à Marc Duez. ;

ses deux titres en Championnat de France des rallyes (CFR) : en 1989 et 1990 pour François Chatriot.

Courses sur glace : les deux victoires aux 24 heures sur glace de Chamonix en 1991 et 1992 avec Marcel Tarrès (2), Christian Debias (1) et B. Béguin (1) et les trois autres victoires de M. Tarrès -seul cette fois- à la Ronde de Serre Chevalier en 1991, 1992 (version 4×4) et 1993 (4×4) dans le cadre du Trophée Andros.

Au final, la M3 e30 remporta 16 victoires en CFR entre 1987 et 1990, 7 en BRC ,et 9 en ERC avec des pilotes français (6 avec des belges). Dans la foulée Pascal Thomasse obtint deux podiums en Championnat de France D2, en 1990 et 1994.

Elle était déclinée tant en version "Groupe N" qu’en "Groupe A".

Elle est à l’heure actuelle toujours utilisée par de nombreux pilotes amateurs, partout en Europe (entre’autres en Coupe de France des rallyes, où elle s’est imposée sans discontinuer entre 1990 et 1995, puis en 1998 (E30 et E36): Hugues Delage obtint les coupes 1990, 1993 et 1994, et Dominique de Meyer celle de l’année 1991 et la finale de 1995 (Christophe Lapierre vainqueur de la coupe 1992, et Patrick Rouillard de celle 1998 pour la dernière fois de l’évolution M3); au Liban Nabil Karam s’est imposé en 1991).

En Championnat d’Europe de course de côte, elle a remporté le titre de Catégorie I à cinq reprises consécutives avec Francis Dosières entre 1989 et 1993 (voiture homologuée Gr.A); s’en suivirent de nombreux autres titres toujours de Catégorie I pour les versions ultérieures de la M3 Gr.A, avec le tchèque Otakar Krámský (1995, 1997 et 1998), le croate Niko Pulić (1999, 2000 et 2001), le tchèque Robert Šenkýř (2003 et 2004) et l’allemand Jörg Weidinger (2005 et 2006), soit 15 titres de championne d’Europe entre 1989 et 2006. Le Challenge international de la montagne (FCHA) de la FIA ne lui a pas non plus échappé, avec le hongrois László Hernádi (2006, 2007 et 2008).

En Tourisme et Grand Tourisme, le titre mondial Tourisme 1987 (le seul attribué durant 18 ans) revint à l’italien Roberto Ravaglia (victoires de la M3 à Jarama, Dijon, aux 24 Heures de Spa, et à Silverstone), le Championnat d’Europe FIA des voitures de tourisme fut remporté en 1987 par Winfried Vogt (plus titre constructeurs) et en 1988 par Roberto Ravaglia, le Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters (D.T.M.) pilotes (Tourisme) fut gagné en 1987 par Eric van de Poele et en 1989 encore par Roberto Ravaglia (plus les titres constructeurs de 1987 à 1990), le BTCC (British Touring Cars Championship) le fut par deux fois avec Frank Sytner (1988) et Will Hoy (1991, et titre constructeur), le Championnat de France de Supertourisme le fut aussi par deux fois grâce à Jean-Pierre Malcher (1989 et 1990; plus Dayraut en 2001 sur la version Silhouette), et le titre national Belge Grand Tourisme 1996 revint à l’équipage Hubert/Hubert/Duez; la voiture remporta notamment les 24 Heures du Nürburgring en 1989 (avec Ravaglia), 1990, 1991 et 1992 (Duez alors lauréat), puis 1994, 1996 et 1997 (E36 pour les deux dernières dates), et les 24 Heures de Spa en 1987, 1988 (avec Ravaglia), 1990 et 1992.

Ravaglia a ainsi pu obtenir le WTCC (1987), l’ETCC (1988) et le DTM (1989) avec la M3. Dans la foulée il a aussi remporté le Campionato Italiano Superturismo en 1990 et 1991 (16 victoires en deux ans). Sa première grande victoire sur M3 avait été au Grand Prix automobile de Macao, en 1987.

M3 E36 (1992-1999)
M3 E36
BMW M3
Marque BMW
Années de production 1992-1999
Production 71 242 exemplaires
Classe Sportive, GT,
Moteur et transmission
Moteur(s) S50B30 (3.0l) / S50B32 (3 2 l)
Puissance maximale 210 kW soit 286 ch (3 l) et 236 kW soit 321 ch (3,2 l) ch
Couple maximal 350 Nm à 3 200 tr/min Nm
Transmission propulsion
Poids et performances
Poids à vide 1 460 kg pour la 3.0l et 1 474 kg pour la 3.2l kg
Vitesse maximale 290 km/h
Accélération 0 à 100 km/h en 5,4 s pour la 3.2l et 5,7 s à 6 s pour la 3.0l s
Consommation mixte Ville/route/mixte : 16,9 / 7,5 / 11,0 L/100 km
Châssis – Carrosserie
Carrosserie(s) coupé (2 portes), sedan (4 portes) et cabriolet (2 portes)
Suspensions Pseudo MacPherson avant/ multi bras arrière
Dimensions
Longueur 4 430 mm
Largeur 1 710 mm
Hauteur 1 340 mm
Chronologie des modèles
Précédent BMW M3 E30 BMW M3 E46 Suivant
modifier Consultez la documentation du modèle

La M3 E36, commercialisée à partir de 1992 n’a plus grand-chose à voir avec la version précédente : l’E30. En effet, d’un point de vue esthétique, la ligne est entièrement revue.

Mais c’est au niveau du moteur que la division "M" de BMW a effectué les plus gros changements : le 4 cylindres de l’E30 est remplacé par un 6 cylindres en ligne de 3 L et gagne ainsi, dans un premier temps, plus de 50 chevaux pour atteindre, sur la première version d’E36, 286 ch. D’autre modifications apparaissent en 1996 avec un 6 cylindres de 3,2 l équipé d’une épure binaire circulaire variable grâce au « vanos », qui lui confère un couple incroyable de 350 Nm. La puissance atteint les 321 ch accouplés à une boîte 6 vitesses, deuxième changement majeur de cette nouvelle version d’E36 M3. Elle a d’ailleurs été élue voiture du XXe siècle par le magazine Auto Plus, et voiture la plus maniable de l’époque par Car and Driver Magazine.

M3 E46 (2000-2006)
BMW M3 E46
BMW M3
Marque BMW
Années de production 2001-2006
Classe Sportives, GT
Moteur et transmission
Moteur(s) Essence 6 en ligne 3 246 cm3
Puissance maximale 3431 ch
Couple maximal 3652 Nm
Transmission Propulsion
Poids et performances
Poids à vide 1 4853 kg
Vitesse maximale 300 km/h
Accélération 0 à 100 km/h en 5,24 s
Consommation mixte 12.1 L/100 km
Émission de CO2 292 g/km
Châssis – Carrosserie
Carrosserie(s) Coupé et Cabriolet
Suspensions ???
Dimensions
Longueur 4 492 mm
Largeur 1 780 mm
Hauteur 1 370 mm
Chronologie des modèles
Précédent M3 E36 M3 E92 Suivant
modifier Consultez la documentation du modèle

La M3 E46 présente des attributs esthétiques évocateurs : ailes enflées, larges prise d’air, capot bosselé, petit becquet arrière, deux doubles sorties d’échappement, jantes 18" (19" en option), mais l’ensemble se veut haut de gamme et plutôt raffiné. À bord, en revanche, rien de neuf, la M3 se démarque très peu d’un coupé Série 3. Au niveau du moteur, elle possède une mécanique bien peu ordinaire. En effet, le six-cylindres 3,2 L de la version précédente est reconduit mais a gagné 45 cm3, 22 ch et 1,3 mkg de couple, obtenus 1 650 tr/min plus haut. Avec un rendement exceptionnel de 106 ch/litre, ce bloc vient rejoindre le podium des meilleurs « atmos » du moment, juste derrière la Honda S2000 et la Ferrari 360 Modena. Au-delà des chiffres, la disponibilité de cette mécanique sur une large plage d’utilisation réjouit tout autant que sa sonorité sportive à souhait. Un bouton "sport" au tableau de bord améliore la réponse des injecteurs et permet une conduite encore plus active. Au tableau de bord, un compte-tours "thermostatique" vous aide à prendre soin du bijou. Moteur froid, des diodes orange ponctuent chaque 500 tr/min à partir de 4 000 tr/min. Elles s’éteignent ensuite une à une quand le moteur monte en température. Avec ses 343 ch, elle effectue le 0 à 100 km/h en 5"25, 80 à 120 en 5"4 (en 4e). Cette nouvelle version ne fait pas beaucoup mieux que la précédente car elle a grossi et son rapport poids/puissance reste donc inchangé. Niveau consommation, la M3 E46 consomme 11,5 L/100 km, mais peut consommer jusqu’à 60 L/100 km en activant régulièrement le bouton "sport" sur le tableau de bord. En ce qui concerne le freinage, talon d’Achille des BMW M, comme sur l’ancienne version, les quatre grands disques sont suffisants en temps normal, mais leur efficacité est rapidement mise à mal en rythme soutenu pour stopper les 1 500 kg de cette sportive. La M3 E46 perpétue avec brio la réputation liée à son nom. Plus facile et abordable qu’auparavant, elle conserve un rapport prix/performances avantageux.

M3 E90/E92 (2007-2013)
BMW M3 (E92)
BMW M3
Marque BMW
Années de production 2007-2012
Classe Sportive, GT
Moteur et transmission
Moteur(s) Essence V8 4,0 l
Puissance maximale 309 kW soit 420 ch
Couple maximal 400 Nm
Transmission Manuelle 6 rapports
Propulsion
Poids et performances
Poids à vide 1 655 kg
Vitesse maximale 310 km/h
Accélération 0 à 100 km/h en 4,8 s
Consommation mixte 12,76 L/100 km
Émission de CO2 287 à 2927 g/km
Châssis – Carrosserie
Carrosserie(s) coupé 2 portes, berline 4 portes et cabriolet
Suspensions Ressorts hélicoïdaux
amortisseurs à gaz
barre antiroulis
Dimensions
Longueur 4 620 mm
Largeur 1 800 mm
Hauteur 1 420 mm
Chronologie des modèles
Précédent BMW M3 E46 BMW M4 F32 Suivant
modifier Consultez la documentation du modèle

Cette génération de BMW M3 se positionne comme la rivale de l’Audi RS4 (pour la E90) et de l’audi RS5 (pour la E92), mais aussi de la Mercedes C63 AMG
Performances

S’offrant pour la première fois un moteur à 8 cylindres en V de série, installé en position centrale avant, cette quatrième génération de M3 développe 420 ch à 8 300 tr/min et abat ainsi le 0 à 100 km/h en 4,8 s. Constitué d’un bloc en alliage d’aluminium et de silicium, le moteur de la BMW M3 affiche une puissance spécifique de 105 ch par litre de cylindrée. Son couple maximum atteint les 400 Nm à 3 900 tr/min, dont 85 % délivré sur une plage de plus de 6 500 tr/min. La M3 se dote en effet d’une distribution variable de 8 papillons de gaz et d’un alternateur débrayable.
Séries limitées

En novembre 2009, BMW lance la M3 GTS limitée à 250 exemplaires. Sur le plan des performances, elle garde son V8 dont la puissance a été amenée à 450 ch. Sur le plan de l’esthétique, elle se pare d’une couleur orange exclusive avec un aileron typé course. À l’intérieur, BMW adapte la recette qui a fait le succès de la Porsche 911 GT3 RS : pas de GPS, ni de climatisation et des lanières en guise de poignées de portes. Enfin, le coupé perd ses deux places à l’arrière, et les remplace par un arceau-cage couleur carrosserie, un extincteur de course, donnant l’impression qu’il s’agit plus d’une bête de course qu’une voiture de tous les jours. Elle est d’ailleurs souvent comparée à la BMW M3 GTR E46.

L’année suivante, BMW dévoile la M3 Frozen Gray. Produite à seulement trente exemplaires, et seulement aux États-Unis, elle se reconnaît par sa teinte grise matte (référencée comme Frozen Gray chez BMW), ses jantes 19 pouces à l’extérieur, et son cuir bi-ton roux et noir à l’intérieur. Le moteur conserve ses 420 chevaux, mais la boîte DCT à double embrayage est fournie de série. Tout acheteur de cette Frozen Gray se verra offrir un stage de la BMW Performance Driving School.

En juin 2011, un modèle encore plus exclusif la CRT (pour Carbon Racing Technology), basé sur la M3 Saloon E90 fait la part belle au carbone, permettant la perte de 45 kg, le tout en gardant les équipements de confort (GPS et climatisation) qui font d’elle une berline de luxe. Elle est produite à seulement 67 exemplaires, le moteur garde ses 420 chevaux, mais il s’agit de la première édition spéciale de la M3 qui n’est disponible qu’en berline 4 portes. Toutefois, il faut noter qu’à l’arrière, ce ne sont plus trois personnes, mais deux personnes qui pourront s’y asseoir, dans deux beaux sièges baquets. Elle se reconnaît par sa teinte grise matte son cuir rouge, et ses jantes Full Black.

En 2012, BMW sort 3 séries spéciales de sa M3 en France. La M3 CS, la M3 Frozen 40 et la M3 DTM Champion Edition. La M3 CS, exclusivement française, se distingue par une teinte bleue matte éclatante (Frozen Blau), ainsi que par son intérieur aux surpiqûres bleues, avec une touche de rouge sur le volant. Il s’agit d’une version dépouillée, spécialement destinée aux virées sur circuit. La M3 Frozen 40, elle, a été créée pour toute l’Europe, et célébrait les 40 ans de BMW Motorsport. Elle se distingue à l’extérieur d’une M3 « normale » grâce à une calandre chromée, ainsi que des sorties d’échappement et des ouïes latérales noires. La version Frozen 40 dispose aussi de 4 coloris spécifiques mats, toutes nommées Frozen, que ce soit en bleu, bleu foncé, blanc ou rouge. À l’intérieur, la sellerie est exclusive, et les surpiqûres sont assorties à la teinte extérieure. Enfin, la version M3 DTM Champion Edition est un hommage à Bruno Spengler, le pilote canadien victorieux du championnat allemand DTM sur BMW M3. Elle est très facilement reconnaissable, grâce à sa teinte matte Frozen Black, ses bandes de pavillon aux couleurs de Motorsport, ainsi que le sticker sponsor sur la vitre de custode. Les jantes full black rajoutent une touche d’agressivité à la voiture. À l’intérieur, les inserts en carbone reçoivent la signature de Bruno Spengler, ainsi qu’une numérotation. Seulement 54 exemplaires seront produits.

The BMW M3 is a high-performance version of the BMW 3-Series, developed by BMW’s in-house motorsport division, BMW M. M3 models have been derived from the E30, E36, E46, E90/E92/E93, and F30 3-series, and sold with coupe, saloon and convertible body styles. Upgrades over the "standard" 3-Series automobiles include more powerful and responsive engines, improved handling/suspension/braking systems, aerodynamic body enhancements, and interior/exterior accents with the tri-colour "M" (Motorsport) emblem. The last M3 coupe was produced in Germany on 5 July 2013. Part of BMW’s renumbering to move the 3-Series coupe and convertible to the 4-Series, the M3 name will remain with the saloon version as the coupe version has ceased production and has been replaced by the M4 Coupe starting with the 2015 model year.

E92 M3 ZCP Competition Package

For 2011, BMW added the ZCP Competition Package to the M3’s lineup. Unlike the ZCP offered on the previous generation E46, the newest package didn’t change very much about the E92. Most of the adjustments were made to suspension components and the computer governing stability control. The changes for the E92 ZCP are as follows:

– The suspension has been lowered by 10mm. The spring rates are the same, but the springs themselves are shorter, to compensate for the shorter stance. The suspension’s shock damping was also adjusted by the M division. This was in order to compensate for the lower ride height, primarily for rebounding damping rates as opposed to actual compression.

– The Electronic Damper Control in the “Sport Mode” has been modified. A quote taken from the Manager of BMWNA’s M Division, Larry Koch: “The Sport Mode before ZCP was locked at 75% of the way to full stiff. It still has that as a default, but is now variable like the ‘Comfort’ and ‘Normal’ modes.” This translates to a stiffer ride whilst sport mode is engaged, aiding heavy cornering on a track at a cost to ride comfort when driving normally on the road.

– Modifications have been made to the computer governing the Dynamic Stability Control (DSC) in M Dynamic Mode. It is reworked and renamed to “Dynamic Traction Control” (DTC) which allows for larger angles of slip in heavy cornering. This translates to the rear end sliding out further than would be allowed on a non-ZCP M3 before the DTC kicks in to stop the tail slide. Also, once the DTC does kick in, instead of cutting power to the wheels in order to correct the slide (which is normal for the DSC on stock M3s), the DTC computer instead applies the brakes to individual wheels in order to keep the car from spinning excessively.

– In addition, forged 19 inch wheels in the same style as those on the E46 CSL are added to the car.
E92 M3 GTS
M3 GTS at the Autosport International Show 2011.

BMW announced the M3 GTS in November 2009. The car is powered by a 4.4-litre V8 based on the 4.0-litre engine found in the standard M3, which produces a maximum of 450 PS (331 kW; 444 hp). The car weighs 300 pounds less than the standard M3 due to various weight savings. A total of only 250 units were produced. This can accelerate from 0-62 mph in just 4.3 seconds and 0-100 mph in 8.5 seconds. In Germany deliveries began in May 2010 while other countries were scheduled for the summer of 2010. The BMW E92 M3 GTS was priced at around €115,000 per unit. All E92 M3 GTS models have been sold.
E90 M3 CRT

The M3 CRT (Carbon Racing Technology) was announced in June 2011 as a 2012 model. It is powered by the same engine as the GTS, but in opposite to the GTS coupe with roll cage and 4-point harnesses, the CRT is a saloon with navigation, high-end sound system etc. as standard equipment. Despite these luxury extras, the car still weighs 100 lb (45 kg) less than a regular M3 saloon. Compared to a saloon with the same luxury equipment, it weighs 155 lb (70 kg) less. The production will be limited to 67 cars, all numbered with a plaque on the dashboard. And it is claimed that it can accelerate from 0 to 62 mph (100 km/h) in just 4.4 seconds.
E92 M3 DTM Champion Edition

BMW Motorsport returned to the DTM in 2012, and the "DTM Champion Edition" was built to commemorate it winning the championship. The "DTM Champion Edition" was available only in the Frozen Black paint finish with the same M stripes over the roof and boot lid as on Bruno Spengler’s race car. It also incorporated visual clues to the race car, such as carbon flaps and gurney, dark chrome elements and matt black wheels. The interior had some exclusive parts such as interior trim in carbon fibre, Alcantara steering wheel and "M Power" embroidered on the handbrake grip. Each car had a numbered plaque with Spengler’s signature and the text "DTM champion 2012" above the glove box.

As the car was focused on high performance, options as M Drive, M DCT Drivelogic and the M Driver’s Package were fitted as standard equipment. For the car to have everyday usability, options as navigation system, heated seats and PDC were also standard.

The DTM Champion Edition was produced from February 2013, in a limited number of 54 cars, the same number as BMW’s victories in DTM. In Germany, the price started at €99,000.00 including VAT.
E92 M3 Lime Rock Park Edition

The M3 Lime Rock Park Edition was a US specific model, with a production limited to 200 cars, painted in Fire Orange. All 200 of these 2013 vehicles came with carbon fiber performance parts, such as roof, front splitter, rear spoiler, competition package, a lowered ride height in front of .60 inches, track style steering with fewer turns to lock and a lightweight muffler, courtesy of BMW’s MGmbh division. BMW claims the model has no added horsepower, however, when marketing the lightweight Inconel-titanium BMW Motorsports Exhaust to stock M3 vehicles, BMW Claims that the system adds about 5 H.P. The Lime Rock Park editions were equipped with either 6 speed transmissions, or the optional DCT (Dual Clutch Transmission). No changes made to the original 4.0L V8 (414 HP, redline 8300 rpm); however the ECU is programmed slightly differently from standard M3 vehicles with less interference from the dynamic stability control and a less interfering traction control. Each LRP edition’s governor is limited for achieving its natural top speed, which is claimed to be 187 MPH (Roughly 300 kph). Each M3 LRP Edition comes with a numbered plaque and paper certificate, each one reading "One of 200" instead of a numbering sequence. BMW did this to ensure none of the cars were worth more than another.
Racing
Rahal Letterman M3 GT2 racing at the 2009 Petit Le Mans
Schnitzer Motorsport’s BMW M3 GT2 racing at the 2010 1000 km of Zhuhai.
E92 M3 GT2

BMW Motorsport announced in February 2008 that Rahal Letterman Racing will campaign two factory-backed E92 M3s in the American Le Mans Series in 2009, following a two-year absence by the brand. The cars are homologated for the GT2 category. This was the cover car for the simulation racing game Need for Speed: Shift. Schnitzer Motorsport entered 2 cars at the 1000 km of Spa and finished 4th after a move by the Ferrari in the final corner. For 2010, BMW Motorsport has been granted entry in the 2010 24 Hours of Le Mans and in the 2010 24 Hours Nürburgring. BMW Motorsport/Schnitzer Motorsport went onto to take an overall win at the 24 Hours Nürburgring with the #25 M3 GT2 of Jörg Müller, Augusto Farfus, Pedro Lamy, and Uwe Alzen while the top competitors from Porsche and Audi dropped out one by one. In addition, one of the M3 GT2’s that competed at Le Mans (#79) has been chosen as the 17th BMW Art Car, which will be done by American artist, Jeff Koons. At the 2010 24 Hours of Spa, BMW qualified 1st in class (2nd overall) and maintained 1st with the #79 car throughout the race until it succumbed to a suspension failure with just half an hour remaining, forcing them to give the overall lead to two Porsche 997 GT3-RSRs. The M3s still came 1st in the GTN class. The BMW M3s won the GT2 category in the ILMC 1000 km of Zhuhai. In 2011, the BMW achieved a 1-2 finish in the 12 Hours of Sebring. In the 2011 American Le Mans Series GT class, BMW Team RLL swept all categories, winning the GT manufacturer, team and driver championships. They contest another year in the ALMS GT class, coming off of another fantastic win at the 2012 60th running of the 12 Hours of Sebring. The M3 GT2 was succeeded by the BMW Z4 GTE, an LMGTE specification racing car alongside the Group GT3 spec BMW Z4 GT3. The Z4 GTE started racing at the 2013 12 Hours of Sebring.
E92 M3 GT4

On 10 April 2009, the week after the debut of the GT4, BMW’s Customer Racing program announced it had partnered with Schubert Motorsport (sponsored by Motorsport Arena Oschersleben) to run the BMW M3 GT4 in the 2009 24 Hours Nürburgring race, in the new class for GT4 cars, listed as SP10 there. The BMW M3 GT4 also raced in the Nürburgring VLN ADAC Westfalenfahrt in April 2009, taking the win in the SP10 class and finishing 30th overall. The 2009 24h race took place on the weekend of 23 and 24 May, with Jörg Müller, Andy Priaulx and sport auto journalist Jochen Übler at the wheel. Despite qualifying as best SP10/GT4 car at 57th overall and being at least 10 seconds per lap faster, the team finished third in the class, behind two Aston Martin V8 Vantage N24. The overall rank was 47th.

BMW Motorsport announced on 7 July 2009 the launch of a line of BMW M3 race cars which meet the SRO/FIA’s GT4 spec and are oriented for sale to private teams and drivers. The BMW M3 GT4 price is 121,500 EUR without VAT. While BMW states that ‘the BMW M3 GT4 weighs just 1,430 kilograms’ and the ‘420 bhp engine remained largely untouched’, the 2010 24 Hours Nürburgring "Balance of Performance" requires that the power must not exceed 390 PS (385 HP), while the minimum weight is set to 1400 kg.

The M3 GT4 is offered in Europe as a homologated production race car for sale to the general public. According to Larry Koch, then BMW NA M-brand manager, a feasibility study is currently being conducted to evaluate the possible sale of the M3 GT4 in North America. However, without a sanctioned GT4-class racing series in the USA, the sale of the M3 GT4 in the States is not likely.
Critical reception

Arthur St. Antoine of Motor Trend magazine says: "World’s single greatest car? Seriously? Yes – the new BMW M3 is unquestionably a contender. Probably no other car combines so many virtues – speed, handling, good looks, roominess, practicality – into one package. Driving the new BMW M3 is an absolutely blissful experience, flooding your brain with dopamine as if you were arriving to courtside seats at the Lakers game with Jennifer Connelly on your arm." -and- "If you put an F1 car and a premium sedan in a blender, the M3 would be the cocktail that pours out. Mmmm, nothing else like it. A toast then: To the BMW M3, the greatest all-around car in the world."
Mark Gillies of Car and Driver magazine says: "A car has got to be pretty spectacular to win over the curmudgeons here at 1585 Eisenhower Place, especially when familiarity sets in over the course of 40,000 miles. But our Sparkling Graphite Metallic M3 did indeed win us over.", and "Based on our experience, the current M3 is the world’s all-around best car for the money, although several staffers would have preferred to trade some of the coupe’s looks for the added practicality of the sedan.", and "This is the finest car on the market, period."
Ezra Dyer of Automobile magazine once suggested that "…car magazines generally regard the M3 the same way a four-year-old regards Santa Claus."
Jeremy Clarkson of BBC television show Top Gear says: "This [The M3] is the best car, and always will be, and there’s no point in ever thinking otherwise."
Mark Magrath of Edmunds Inside Line wrote these comments after driving a 2009 E90 M3 saloon in the canyons of Southern California: "This is the best most complete car in the world. It’s actually a bargain for what you get. Wow."
In the high-performance sports luxury niche (an entry-level luxury/compact executive car with a V8 engine), the E90 M3 (usually an E92 M3 Coupé being tested) has won comparison tests against rivals such as the Mercedes-Benz C63 AMG, Lexus IS-F, Audi RS4, Audi RS5 and Cadillac CTS-V.

Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center: P-40 Warhawk & F-4 Corsair hanging over the SR-71 Blackbird, among others

Image by Chris Devers
Quoting Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum | Curtiss P-40E Warhawk (Kittyhawk IA):

Whether known as the Warhawk, Tomahawk, or Kittyhawk, the Curtiss P-40 proved to be a successful, versatile fighter during the first half of World War II. The shark-mouthed Tomahawks that Gen. Claire Chennault’s "Flying Tigers" flew in China against the Japanese remain among the most popular airplanes of the war. P-40E pilot Lt. Boyd D. Wagner became the first American ace of World War II when he shot down six Japanese aircraft in the Philippines in mid-December 1941.

Curtiss-Wright built this airplane as Model 87-A3 and delivered it to Canada as a Kittyhawk I in 1941. It served until 1946 in No. 111 Squadron, Royal Canadian Air Force. U.S. Air Force personnel at Andrews Air Force Base restored it in 1975 to represent an aircraft of the 75th Fighter Squadron, 23rd Fighter Group, 14th Air Force.

Donated by the Exchange Club in Memory of Kellis Forbes.

Manufacturer:
Curtiss Aircraft Company

Date:
1939

Country of Origin:
United States of America

Dimensions:
Overall: 330 x 970cm, 2686kg, 1140cm (10ft 9 15/16in. x 31ft 9 7/8in., 5921.6lb., 37ft 4 13/16in.)

Materials:
All-metal, semi-monocoque

Physical Description:
Single engine, single seat, fighter aircraft.

• • • • •

See more photos of this, and the Wikipedia article.

Details, quoting from Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum | Lockheed SR-71 Blackbird:

No reconnaissance aircraft in history has operated globally in more hostile airspace or with such complete impunity than the SR-71, the world’s fastest jet-propelled aircraft. The Blackbird’s performance and operational achievements placed it at the pinnacle of aviation technology developments during the Cold War.

This Blackbird accrued about 2,800 hours of flight time during 24 years of active service with the U.S. Air Force. On its last flight, March 6, 1990, Lt. Col. Ed Yielding and Lt. Col. Joseph Vida set a speed record by flying from Los Angeles to Washington, D.C., in 1 hour, 4 minutes, and 20 seconds, averaging 3,418 kilometers (2,124 miles) per hour. At the flight’s conclusion, they landed at Washington-Dulles International Airport and turned the airplane over to the Smithsonian.

Transferred from the United States Air Force.

Manufacturer:
Lockheed Aircraft Corporation

Designer:
Clarence L. "Kelly" Johnson

Date:
1964

Country of Origin:
United States of America

Dimensions:
Overall: 18ft 5 15/16in. x 55ft 7in. x 107ft 5in., 169998.5lb. (5.638m x 16.942m x 32.741m, 77110.8kg)
Other: 18ft 5 15/16in. x 107ft 5in. x 55ft 7in. (5.638m x 32.741m x 16.942m)

Materials:
Titanium

Physical Description:
Twin-engine, two-seat, supersonic strategic reconnaissance aircraft; airframe constructed largley of titanium and its alloys; vertical tail fins are constructed of a composite (laminated plastic-type material) to reduce radar cross-section; Pratt and Whitney J58 (JT11D-20B) turbojet engines feature large inlet shock cones.

• • • • •

Quoting Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum | Vought F4U-1D Corsair :

By V-J Day, September 2, 1945, Corsair pilots had amassed an 11:1 kill ratio against enemy aircraft. The aircraft’s distinctive inverted gull-wing design allowed ground clearance for the huge, three-bladed Hamilton Standard Hydromatic propeller, which spanned more than 4 meters (13 feet). The Pratt and Whitney R-2800 radial engine and Hydromatic propeller was the largest and one of the most powerful engine-propeller combinations ever flown on a fighter aircraft.

Charles Lindbergh flew bombing missions in a Corsair with Marine Air Group 31 against Japanese strongholds in the Pacific in 1944. This airplane is painted in the colors and markings of the Corsair Sun Setter, a Marine close-support fighter assigned to the USS Essex in July 1944.

Transferred from the United States Navy.

Manufacturer:
Vought Aircraft Company

Date:
1940

Country of Origin:
United States of America

Dimensions:
Overall: 460 x 1020cm, 4037kg, 1250cm (15ft 1 1/8in. x 33ft 5 9/16in., 8900lb., 41ft 1/8in.)

Materials:
All metal with fabric-covered wings behind the main spar.

Physical Description:
R-2800 radial air-cooled engine with 1,850 horsepower, turned a three-blade Hamilton Standard Hydromatic propeller with solid aluminum blades spanning 13 feet 1 inch; wing bent gull-shaped on both sides of the fuselage.

Cool Cnc Cutting Machine photos

Cool Cnc Cutting Machine photos

Check out these cnc cutting machine photos:

Table family

Image by andreas.hopf
Right after drawing a tabletop shape, setting the height and weight, the multi-objective optimisation grows a number of objects which can serve as the basis for additional evolutions. The table program outputs data for the laser-cutting and the CNC bending machine. For assembly, stainless steel and brass cells are bonded with metal adhesives. 3 exemplary objects were fabricated as proof of idea and exhibited.

Lazerian: Indus lampshade

Image by Liverpool Style Festival
The Indus lamp-shade is portion of a series of lights, which were the result of experiments with computer design and style and CNC manufacture. Every Indus lampshade comprises machine cut components, which are assembled and completed by hand in the Lazerian studio. Offered in a number of various sizes. Style Liam Hopkins and Richard Sweeney

Marina Bay

Marina Bay

A couple of nice grinding machining images I discovered:

Marina Bay

Image by Shaojin+AT
Image: Helix Bridge &amp Marina Bay Sands
Place: Marina Bay, Singapore

Marina Bay Sands is an integrated resort fronting Marina Bay in Singapore. Developed by Las Vegas Sands, it is billed as the world’s most high-priced standalone casino property at S billion (US.7 billion), including price of the prime land.[1][2]
With the casino complete, the resort characteristics a 2,560-space hotel, a 120,000 sq.m. convention-exhibition center, The Shoppes mall, an Art &amp Science museum, two Sands Theatres, six &quotcelebrity chef&quot restaurants, two floating pavilions, a casino with 500 tables and 1,600 slot machines. The complicated is topped by a 340m-lengthy SkyPark with a capacity of three,900 men and women and a 150m infinity swimming pool, set on leading of the world’s biggest public cantilevered platform, which overhangs the north tower by 67m.[3][4] The 20-hectare resort was designed by Moshe Safdie Architects. The nearby architect of record was Aedas Singapore, and engineering was supplied by Arup and Parsons Brinkerhoff (MEP).
Initially set to open in 2009, Las Vegas Sands faced delays triggered by escalating expenses of material and labour shortages from the onset. The serious global financial crisis also pressured the organization to delay its projects elsewhere to full the integrated resort.[5] Despite the fact that Marina Bay Sands has been compared on scale and improvement costs to MGM’s CityCenter, the latter is a mixed-use development, with condominium properties – comprising 3 of the seven principal structures, becoming sold off.[six][7]
The resort was officially opened with a two-day celebration on 23 June 2010 at three.18 pm, right after a partial opening earlier in April. It was, nonetheless, not completed at the time of the April opening, which was marked by quite a few service failures.[eight] The museum, theatres and floating pavilions are nevertheless being constructed and are anticipated to be totally completed by December 2010.

Background

Element of the parcel of land for Marina Bay Sands in the foreground prior to improvement. The parcel overlooks Singapore’s financial district in the background.
Marina Bay Sands is 1 of two winning proposals for Singapore’s first Integrated Resorts, the other getting the Resorts Globe Sentosa, which incorporates a family members-friendly Universal Studios Theme Park. The two massive-scale resorts have been conceived to meet Singapore’s financial and tourism objectives for the subsequent decade and they will have 30-year casino licenses, exclusive for the very first ten years.
Bidders were assessed based on four criteria:
tourism appeal and contribution
architectural concept and design
development investment
strength of the consortium and partners
On 27 Might 2006, Las Vegas Sands (LVS) was declared winner of the Marina Bay web site in the prime new enterprise district of Marina South with its organization-oriented resort. LVS highlighted its forte in Meetings, Incentives, Conferencing and Exhibitions (MICE), of which its founder, Sheldon Adelson, is a pioneer in Las Vegas and the crucial to his early company good results.[9] In the Design Evaluation portion of the tender, a panel of regional and international architects commended Sands’ style as superior to other bids in terms of pedestrian circulation and layout, and it also match in with the Marina Bay landscape best. They liked that the hotel towers was set back from the waterfront to open up expansive views of the city and the entire Marina Bay, producing the skyline for Singapore’s downtown more eye-catching and distinctive.[10]
Singapore Tourism Board highlighted Sands’ line-up of six celebrity chefs, such as Australia’s Tetsuya Wakuda and Thomas Keller (Napa Valley, California, USA) and Charlie Trotter (Chicago, USA).
LVS submitted its winning bid on its personal. Its original companion City Developments Limited (CDL), with a proposed 15 per cent equity stake, pulled out of the partnership in the second phase of the tender method. CDL’s CEO, Kwek Leng Beng stated his company’s pullout was a combination of factors – such as troubles in getting quite a few organizations he owns to comply in time, as well as reluctance of some parties to disclose certain private information in probity checks required by the Singapore government.[11] However, Kwek was retained as an advisor for Sands’ bid.
[edit]Investment

Inside the Marina Bay Sands Hotel
Las Vegas Sands initially committed to invest S.85 billion (about US.85 billion) in the project, not including the fixed S.2 billion (about US8 million) cost of the 6,000,000 square feet (560,000 m2) web site itself.[12] With the escalating charges of materials, such as sand and steel, and labour shortages owing to other key infrastructure and home development in the nation, Sheldon Adelson spot the total cost of the development at S. billion (about US.9 billion) as of July 2009.[1][13]
Las Vegas Sands declared the undertaking as &quotone of the world’s most difficult building projects and undoubtedly the most high-priced stand-alone integrated resort property ever constructed&quot.[14] It expects the casino to produce at least billion in annual profit.[6] Two months following the initial phased opening, the casino attracts about 25,000 guests every day, about a third being Singaporeans and permanent residents who spend a everyday entry levy or ,000 for annual unlimited access.[15] Half a million gamblers passed by way of the casino in June 2010.[16]
For the economy, Marina Bay Sands is projected to stimulate an addition of .7 billion or .8 per cent to Singapore’s Gross Domestic Item by 2015, employing 10,000 individuals straight and 20,000 jobs being designed in other industries.[11]
The resort is designed by Moshe Safdie, who says it was initially inspired by card decks. In addition to the casino, other essential elements of the plan are 3 hotel towers with 2,500 rooms and suites, a 200,000-square-foot (19,000 m2) Art-Science museum and a convention centre with 1,200,000 square feet (111,000 m2) of space, capable of accommodating up to 45,000 individuals. The resort’s architecture and major design and style adjustments along the way had been also authorized by a number of consultant feng shui masters.[citation necessary]
[edit]Opening

For the duration of the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics opening ceremony
Marina Bay Sands was originally planned to be completed in a single phase in 2009,[13] but increasing construction charges and the economic crisis forced the business to open it in phases. The very first phase’s preview opening was additional delayed until 27 April 2010, and the grand opening was pushed back to 23 June 2010. The rest of the complicated stay beneath construction and will not be completed prior to 2011.
On 27 April 2010, Marina Bay Sands had the first of a planned three to 4 phase openings. The casino, parts of the conference hall, a segment of the Shoppes, 963 hotel rooms and the event plaza had been opened at the auspicious time of three:18 p.m as part of the &quotpreview opening&quot.[17]
The Inter-Pacific Bar Association (IPBA) held the 1st conference at Marina Bay Sands Convention Centre on 2–5 May 2010, but the event was marred by uncompleted facilities and a power failure during a speech. IPBA withheld payment of S0,000 and was consequently sued by Marina Bay Sands.[18] In June IPBA counter-sued, describing the venue as a &quotcomplete disaster&quot and that its earlier payments had been imposed by &quotduress, fear and force&quot.[18] An &quotamitable settlement&quot with undisclosed terms was announced in August.[19]
On 23 June 2010, the resort had its official opening with a &quot2-day celebration&quot this involves the Sands SkyPark, the Event Plaza along Marina Bay, far more shops, additional dining choices and nightlife offerings, and the rest of the hotel rooms. Initial day events integrated – a &quotWorld Championship Climb&quot on the glass facade of the building to the SkyPark, with 7 teams of 21 best rock climbers from around the planet competing, and an evening concert for four,000 invited guests and buyers, featuring Diana Ross, Kelly Rowland, JJ Lin amongst other folks. The SkyPark was opened on the second day at two pm,[14] with about 2,000 adult tickets costing S each and every sold.[20]
[edit]Timeline forecast
In December 2010, the Art-Science Museum, two Sands Theatres and two floating Crystal Pavilions will be completed.
In March 2011, Disney’s The Lion King musical production will debut at the Marina Bay Sands Theatre.[21]
[edit]Attractions

View of the CBD skyline, City Hall, and Esplanade from the SkyPark

View of Singapore Flyer from the SkyPark
Marina Bay Sands characteristics 3 55-storey hotel towers which had been topped out in July 2009. The 3 towers are connected by a 1 hectare sky terrace on the roof, named Sands SkyPark.
In front of the three towers consist of a Theatre Block, a Convention and Exhibition Facilities Block, as well as the Casino Block, which have up to 1000 gaming tables and 1400 slot machines. The Art-Science Museum is constructed next to the three blocks and has the shape of a lotus. Its roof will be retractable, supplying a waterfall via the roof of collected rainwater when closed in the day and with laser shows when opened at evening. The Art-Science Museum opens in December 2010.
The SkyPark is house to the world’s longest elevated swimming pool, [22] with a 478-foot (146-meter) vanishing edge, perched 191 meters above the ground. The pools are made up of 422,000 pounds of stainless steel and can hold 376,500 gallons (1424 cubic metres) of water. The SkyPark also boasts rooftop restaurants, nightclubs, gardens hundreds of trees and plants and a public observatory with 360-degree views of the Singapore skyline.
There are four movement joints beneath the main pools, created to aid them withstand the natural motion of the towers, and every single joint has a special range of motion. The total range of motion is 19.68 inches (500 millimetres). In addition to wind, the hotel towers are also topic to settlement in the earth over time, so engineers built and installed custom jack legs to permit for future adjustment at a lot more than 500 points beneath the pool method. This jacking system is essential mostly to ensure the infinity edge of the pool continues to function properly.[23]
Moshe Safdie created an Art Path within the resort, incorporating seven installations by five artists which includes Sol Lewitt, Antony Gormley and Zheng Chongbin. The pieces are meant to play on environmental influences such as light, water and wind, integrating art with architecture.[24]

Source from: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marina_Bay_Sands

undesirable organization

Image by ATOMIC Hot Links

Good Precision Turning And Machining pictures

Good Precision Turning And Machining pictures

A handful of nice precision turning and machining images I found:

Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center: south hangar panorama, including Grumman G-22 “Gulfhawk II”, Boeing 367-80 (707) Jet Transport, Air France Concorde amongst other people

Image by Chris Devers
Quoting Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum | North American P-51C, &quotExcalibur III&quot:

On May possibly 29, 1951, Capt. Charles F. Blair flew Excalibur III from Norway across the North Pole to Alaska in a record-setting 10½ hours. Utilizing a system of carefully plotted &quotsun lines&quot he created, Blair was in a position to navigate with precision exactly where traditional magnetic compasses usually failed. 4 months earlier, he had flown Excalibur III from New York to London in significantly less than 8 hours, breaking the current mark by over an hour.

Excalibur III first belonged to famed aviator A. Paul Mantz, who added additional fuel tanks for long-distance racing to this normal P-51C fighter. With it Mantz won the 1946 and 1947 Bendix air race and set a transcontinental speed record in 1947 when the airplane was named Blaze of Noon. Blair purchased it from Mantz in 1949 and renamed it Excalibur III, after the Sikorsky VS-44 flying boat he flew for American Export Airlines.

Gift of Pan American World Airways

Manufacturer:
North American Aircraft Firm

Date:
1944

Country of Origin:
United States of America

Dimensions:
Wingspan: 11.3 m (37 ft)
Length: 9.8 m (32 ft 3 in)
Height: three.9 m (12 ft ten in)
Weight, empty: 4,445 kg (9,800 lb)
Weight, gross: five,052 kg (11,800 lb)
Leading speed: 700 km/h (435 mph)

Supplies:
All round: Aluminum

Physical Description:
Single seat, single engine, low wing monoplane, Globe War II fighter modified for racing.

• • • • •

Quoting Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum | Grumman G-22 &quotGulfhawk II&quot:

One of the most exciting aerobatic aircraft of the 1930s and ’40s, the Grumman Gulfhawk II was constructed for retired naval aviator and air show pilot Al Williams. As head of the Gulf Oil Company’s aviation department, Williams flew in military and civilian air shows about the country, performing precision aerobatics and dive-bombing maneuvers to market military aviation throughout the interwar years.

The sturdy civilian biplane, with its robust aluminum monocoque fuselage and Wright Cyclone engine, almost matched the Grumman F3F standard Navy fighter, which was operational at the time. It took its orange paint scheme from Williams’ Curtiss 1A Gulfhawk, also in the Smithsonian’s collection. Williams personally piloted the Gulfhawk II on its last flight in 1948 to Washington’s National Airport.

Gift of Gulf Oil Corporation

Manufacturer:
Grumman Aircraft Engineering Corporation

Date:
1936

Country of Origin:
United States of America

Dimensions:
Wingspan: eight.7 m (28 ft 7 in)
Length: 7 m (23 ft)
Height: three.1 m (ten ft)
Weight, aerobatic: 1,625 kg (three,583 lb)
Weight, gross: 1,903 kg (four,195 lb)
Leading speed: 467 km/h (290 mph)
Engine: Wright Cyclone R-1820-G1, 1,000 hp

Components:
Fuselage: steel tube with aluminum alloy
Wings: aluminum spars and ribs with fabric cover

Physical Description:
NR1050. Aerobatic biplane flown by Main Alford &quotAl&quot Williams as demonstration aircraft for Gulf Oil Business. Related to Grumman F3F single-seat fighter aircraft flown by the U.S. Navy. Wright Cyclone R-1820-G1 engine, 1000 hp.

• • • • •

Quoting Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum | Boeing 367-80 Jet Transport:

On July 15, 1954, a graceful, swept-winged aircraft, bedecked in brown and yellow paint and powered by 4 revolutionary new engines very first took to the sky above Seattle. Constructed by the Boeing Aircraft Company, the 367-80, greater known as the Dash 80, would come to revolutionize industrial air transportation when its created version entered service as the well-known Boeing 707, America’s first jet airliner.

In the early 1950s, Boeing had begun to study the possibility of making a jet-powered military transport and tanker to complement the new generation of Boeing jet bombers getting into service with the U.S. Air Force. When the Air Force showed no interest, Boeing invested million of its personal capital to construct a prototype jet transport in a daring gamble that the airlines and the Air Force would purchase it once the aircraft had flown and verified itself. As Boeing had accomplished with the B-17, it risked the organization on one roll of the dice and won.

Boeing engineers had initially based the jet transport on research of improved styles of the Model 367, far better identified to the public as the C-97 piston-engined transport and aerial tanker. By the time Boeing progressed to the 80th iteration, the design bore no resemblance to the C-97 but, for safety causes, Boeing decided to let the jet project be recognized as the 367-80.

Work proceeded swiftly soon after the formal start off of the project on May 20, 1952. The 367-80 mated a large cabin primarily based on the dimensions of the C-97 with the 35-degree swept-wing design primarily based on the wings of the B-47 and B-52 but considerably stiffer and incorporating a pronounced dihedral. The wings have been mounted low on the fuselage and incorporated high-speed and low-speed ailerons as nicely as a sophisticated flap and spoiler technique. 4 Pratt &amp Whitney JT3 turbojet engines, each producing ten,000 pounds of thrust, have been mounted on struts beneath the wings.

Upon the Dash 80’s initial flight on July 15, 1954, (the 34th anniversary of the founding of the Boeing Business) Boeing clearly had a winner. Flying 100 miles per hour more rapidly than the de Havilland Comet and significantly larger, the new Boeing had a maximum range of far more than 3,500 miles. As hoped, the Air Force bought 29 examples of the style as a tanker/transport after they convinced Boeing to widen the design and style by 12 inches. Satisfied, the Air Force designated it the KC-135A. A total of 732 KC-135s have been constructed.

Quickly Boeing turned its consideration to selling the airline market on this new jet transport. Clearly the sector was impressed with the capabilities of the prototype 707 but in no way far more so than at the Gold Cup hydroplane races held on Lake Washington in Seattle, in August 1955. In the course of the festivities surrounding this occasion, Boeing had gathered a lot of airline representatives to enjoy the competition and witness a fly previous of the new Dash 80. To the audience’s intense delight and Boeing’s profound shock, test pilot Alvin &quotTex&quot Johnston barrel-rolled the Dash 80 more than the lake in full view of thousands of astonished spectators. Johnston vividly displayed the superior strength and efficiency of this new jet, readily convincing the airline sector to get this new airliner.

In searching for a market place, Boeing found a ready client in Pan American Airway’s president Juan Trippe. Trippe had been spending significantly of his time searching for a appropriate jet airliner to enable his pioneering company to maintain its leadership in international air travel. Functioning with Boeing, Trippe overcame Boeing’s resistance to widening the Dash-80 design and style, now recognized as the 707, to seat six passengers in each seat row rather than 5. Trippe did so by placing an order with Boeing for 20 707s but also ordering 25 of Douglas’s competing DC-eight, which had yet to fly but could accommodate six-abreast seating. At Pan Am’s insistence, the 707 was made four inches wider than the Dash 80 so that it could carry 160 passengers six-abreast. The wider fuselage developed for the 707 became the common style for all of Boeing’s subsequent narrow-body airliners.

Although the British de Havilland D.H. 106 Comet and the Soviet Tupolev Tu-104 entered service earlier, the Boeing 707 and Douglas DC-eight have been larger, quicker, had higher variety, and have been far more profitable to fly. In October 1958 Pan American ushered the jet age into the United States when it opened international service with the Boeing 707 in October 1958. National Airlines inaugurated domestic jet service two months later making use of a 707-120 borrowed from Pan Am. American Airlines flew the first domestic 707 jet service with its personal aircraft in January 1959. American set a new speed mark when it opened the very first often-scheduled transcontinental jet service in 1959. Subsequent nonstop flights amongst New York and San Francisco took only five hours – three hours much less than by the piston-engine DC-7. The 1-way fare, which includes a surcharge for jet service, was 5.50, or 1 round trip. The flight was nearly 40 % faster and almost 25 percent less expensive than flying by piston-engine airliners. The consequent surge of visitors demand was substantial.

The 707 was originally designed for transcontinental or 1-quit transatlantic variety. But modified with further fuel tanks and a lot more efficient turbofan engines, the 707-300 Intercontinental series aircraft could fly nonstop across the Atlantic with full payload below any conditions. Boeing built 855 707s, of which 725 were purchased by airlines worldwide.

Possessing launched the Boeing Business into the industrial jet age, the Dash 80 soldiered on as a hugely productive experimental aircraft. Till its retirement in 1972, the Dash 80 tested numerous advanced systems, a lot of of which have been incorporated into later generations of jet transports. At 1 point, the Dash 80 carried three different engine sorts in its four nacelles. Serving as a test bed for the new 727, the Dash 80 was briefly equipped with a fifth engine mounted on the rear fuselage. Engineers also modified the wing in planform and contour to study the effects of diverse airfoil shapes. Many flap configurations had been also fitted including a highly sophisticated technique of &quotblown&quot flaps which redirected engine exhaust more than the flaps to boost lift at low speeds. Fin height and horizontal stabilizer width was later enhanced and at one particular point, a unique multiple wheel low pressure landing gear was fitted to test the feasibility of operating future heavy military transports from unprepared landing fields.

Following a long and distinguished profession, the Boeing 367-80 was lastly retired and donated to the Smithsonian in 1972. At present, the aircraft is installated at the National Air and Space Museum’s new facility at Washington Dulles International Airport.

Present of the Boeing Company

Manufacturer:
Boeing Aircraft Co.

Date:
1954

Nation of Origin:
United States of America

Dimensions:
Height 19′ 2&quot: Length 73′ 10&quot: Wing Span 129′ 8&quot: Weight 33,279 lbs.

Physical Description:
Prototype Boeing 707 yellow and brown.

• • • • •

Quoting Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum | Concorde, Fox Alpha, Air France:

The very first supersonic airliner to enter service, the Concorde flew thousands of passengers across the Atlantic at twice the speed of sound for over 25 years. Developed and built by Aérospatiale of France and the British Aviation Corporation, the graceful Concorde was a beautiful technological achievement that could not overcome significant financial troubles.

In 1976 Air France and British Airways jointly inaugurated Concorde service to destinations around the globe. Carrying up to one hundred passengers in great comfort, the Concorde catered to initial class passengers for whom speed was vital. It could cross the Atlantic in fewer than 4 hours – half the time of a standard jet airliner. Nonetheless its high operating fees resulted in very higher fares that restricted the number of passengers who could afford to fly it. These problems and a shrinking market place ultimately forced the reduction of service until all Concordes had been retired in 2003.

In 1989, Air France signed a letter of agreement to donate a Concorde to the National Air and Space Museum upon the aircraft’s retirement. On June 12, 2003, Air France honored that agreement, donating Concorde F-BVFA to the Museum upon the completion of its last flight. This aircraft was the initial Air France Concorde to open service to Rio de Janeiro, Washington, D.C., and New York and had flown 17,824 hours.

Gift of Air France.

Manufacturer:
Societe Nationale Industrielle Aerospatiale
British Aircraft Corporation

Dimensions:
Wingspan: 25.56 m (83 ft ten in)
Length: 61.66 m (202 ft three in)
Height: 11.three m (37 ft 1 in)
Weight, empty: 79,265 kg (174,750 lb)
Weight, gross: 181,435 kg (400,000 lb)
Top speed: 2,179 km/h (1350 mph)
Engine: Four Rolls-Royce/SNECMA Olympus 593 Mk 602, 17,259 kg (38,050 lb) thrust each and every
Manufacturer: Société Nationale Industrielle Aérospatiale, Paris, France, and British Aircraft Corporation, London, United Kingdom

Physical Description:
Aircaft Serial Number: 205. Which includes 4 (four) engines, bearing respectively the serial quantity: CBE066, CBE062, CBE086 and CBE085.
Also included, aircraft plaque: &quotAIR FRANCE Lorsque viendra le jour d’exposer Concorde dans un musee, la Smithsonian Institution a dores et deja choisi, pour le Musee de l’Air et de l’Espace de Washington, un appariel portant le couleurs d’Air France.&quot

Cool Precision Turned Elements Suppliers pictures

Cool Precision Turned Elements Suppliers pictures

Some cool precision turned components suppliers photos:

Montblanc Watches

Image by antefixus21
Montblanc Flagship Boutique 151 Bloor Street West Toronto ON Canada.

Montblanc Wrist Watch wall display case.

Chronograph – Nicholas Rieussec time piece.

Swiss created.

Montblanc Nicolas Rieussec Chronograph Automatic Watch Assessment
WRIST TIME Reviews
20 COMMENTSJANUARY 3, 2011 BY ARIEL ADAMS

This watch assessment is going to be a bit different than how I normally do them. Why? Simply because shortly before the evaluation I was really capable to pay a visit to the manufacture producing the movements of this watch. That encounter offered me some specific insight that allowed me to comprehend this timepiece far more.
I know there is a lot of talk on the &quotmanufacture&quot movement. In fact, a current panel discussion I had with fellow watch specialist journalists allowed me to recognize that there is no strict definition of &quotwatch manufacture&quot or &quotmanufacture movement.&quot This definitional ambiguity hurts my potential to clarify issues appropriately, but let it be stated that Montblanc tends to make the movement in each of the Nicolas Rieussec watches themselves. Of course there is some help from suppliers, but this is about as &quotin-house&quot a job as most men and women want it to be. My understanding is that the elements of the movements are produced at the Valfleurier facility in Buttes Switzerland. The pieces are then sent to Montblanc Le Locle for assembly and testing.

What fascinated me most about the Montblanc manufacture in Le Locle Switzerland was just how modern it was. I mean it is accurate that several watch manufactures feel like you are in some combo of a hospital and science lab, but the machinery available to the watch makers at the Le Locle facility was impressive. I have a bigger function length post on this topic that will come out quickly – but in short, when it comes to the Nicolas Rieussec line of timepieces, Montblanc relies on a clever atmosphere that combines the human approach of watch makers with the precision help of machines.

A handful of instance of this synergy among man (or lady) and machine? Right here are two. 1 of the pictures here is of a machine that robotically applies lubricant to designated spots in a watch. Such lubricant need to be precisely applied with an precise amount. The more consistently applied the greater. Even though a human assembles the movement, a robot is used to apply the lubricant better and with more precision in terms of quantity than any human can do regularly. One more example is a machine that allows a watch maker to adjust the screws on a balance wheel and test the accuracy of the rate in genuine time. Generally the machine combines a magnifier, pc controlled screw driver, and a watch movement price tester in one particular. Even though it is operated by a individual, the machine makes it simple to adjust a traditional weighted balance wheel to its most precise weight distribution in the escapement assembly.

One particular of my favourite pictures right here that illustrates the culture of the manufacture is the image of the watch tools with the pc mouse. If you appear closely you’ll also notice the presence of a Montblanc pen. Each perform station provides watchmakers a laptop terminal as effectively as watch generating tools. Whilst I have observed this prior to, it surely is not common.

With their movements all produced in Switzerland by Montblanc, the Nicolas Rieussec collection presently consists of a few watches. My main concentrate here is on the Automatic Chronograph that also has a GMT and date complication (that I tested). The movement is known as the R200. The two manually wound variants (with slightly diverse functions) are the R100, R110, and R120 (a restricted edition that utilised a silicium escapement). I am not going to go overboard with technical information, but the movements represent an intriguing medium between the ultra-higher finish, and mass manufactured pieces.

The R200 has a lot of impressive functions on paper. Notable to the watch nerd is that it has a column wheel primarily based chronograph that uses a vertical clutch. These functions offer you far more durability and precision when utilizing the chronograph. There are very few European chronographs that function both of these features. I must also note that some of Seiko’s greater-end chronograph movements also feature column wheels and vertical clutches, as do pieces by brands such as Patek Philippe and (the former) Daniel Roth. Why all the focus on the chronograph? Effectively that is the new signature complication of Montblanc. The brand latched on to the complication for good explanation (as well as to Mr. Nicolas Rieussec). &quotChronograph&quot literally signifies &quottime writer.&quot What is Montblanc identified for? Yes, creating pens. Sound as well very good to be accurate to have a watch in your collection that is a &quottime writer?&quot So the emphasis on this complication make perfect sense. Nicolas Rieussec is guy credited with &quotinventing the chronograph.&quot Montblanc adopted him.

A although ago Rieussec designed a device that looks like an early seismograph. It was a clock with a stop and begin function that pulled a disc of paper along a smaller sized writing tip. This device was the very first known &quotchronograph.&quot It was meant to measure time in horse races and actually &quotwrote.&quot The appear of the chronograph on the watch is taken from this early device. Montblanc keeps replicas of them about the manufacture for inspiration. Each and every Nicolas Rieussec watch makes use of two discs that move along stationary hands to show the chronograph time (up to 30 minutes). These are also monopusher chronographs that use a single pusher to cycle by way of &quotstart, stop, and reset&quot functions for the chronograph. The pusher is large, simple to find, and placed at the 5 o’clock position on the watch. Do not miss the exposed synthetic palette rubies exposed on the top of the chronograph dials.

This chronograph style is the signature look of the Nicolas Rieussec collection. The time is displayed on an off-centered dial at the leading of the face. Whilst little, Montblanc really helped that dial standout and be legible. It utilizes that fancy searching font that you are going to locate on most Montblanc Star watches. I actually do enjoy that font.

On the manually-wound versions of the Nicolas Rieussec, the time dial has a third hand used for the date. On the automatic, the third had is GMT hand. Operating just like you would assume, the major time hour hand can be independently adjusted to alter the time when moving through time zones when traveling. To the left of the dial is a day/night indicator linked to the GMT hand. This beneficial complication aid you know if it is day or evening on your second timezone provided that it is displayed on the 12, versus 24 hour scale. Who’d a although this would turn out to be such a helpful travel watch? Both time zones share the minute hand. I was usually impressed by the GMT functionality of the watch and feels that the R200 movement’s use of the third hand is better than having it be a date indicator.

While the left of the dial has the day/evening indicator, the right has a date wheel. For symmetry Montblanc utilizes a window of a comparable shape, but I never much care for &quotopen&quot date windows. It also does not look spectacular with the upper and decrease date getting partially under the dial – though that does in fact support with maintaining your focus on the actual date. Whilst the windows that flank the time dial look nice, I have a feeling Montblanc might perform to revise or polish the design and style in future generations of the watch.

Coming in a handful of tones, the dial of the Montblanc Nicolas Rieussec is an interesting creature. It took me a although to warm up to it, but I am enjoying the design. Even though entirely distinct than other collection Montblanc provides, the Nicolas Rieussec does share the brand’s DNA nicely. Of course the crown has that lovely white Montblanc star, and the case is really a lot inspired by the Star collection. To produce visual depth, the energy element of the dial is partially &quoteclipsed&quot by a plate of Geneva stripe polished metal – plus, the dial appears to be produced up of a handful of layers. The chronograph dials are covered with a sort of want-bone like bridge that makes use of blued steel screws (blued steel is also utilized for some of the hands). This is a nice element, but I had 1 suggestion for Montblanc. Although this may possibly improve the price a bit, I feel it would be actually welcome. The bridge is produced from stamped steel. What if it could be produced from milled and hand-polished steel? It would supply a wonderful visual cue and reminder that this is a hand-assembled watch. Perhaps in the future.

Let’s visit the R200 movement once again. It is an automatic version of the R100 with a handful of addition complications (as talked about above). You can see the rotor placed over the movement, with the little Montblanc star shaped hole that is made to pass right more than the column wheel opening window. The movement has two mainspring barrels for a power reserve of 72 hours. The movement operates at 28,800bmp and can be adjusted to be very accurate. I saw a movement at the manufacture that was adjusted to operate inside significantly less than one second of deviation a day. I enjoy that the movement combines contemporary technology and traditionalism. Like I mentioned, it uses a free of charge-weighted balance spring and column wheel, enjoys helps from extremely sophisticated machinery in its assembly and manufacture.

The Nicolas Rieussec watch case is 43mm wide and 14.8mm tall. It is not a little watch, but it does put on like a medium one. Its height is visually lowered by the extremely curved lugs. Front and rear crystal are sapphire (with the front crystal possessing double AR coating), even though it is water resistant to 30 meters.

Montblanc has assured me that their dedication to the Nicolas Rieussec collection is intense. The collection will acquire far more interest in the future, which is aided by the fact that the watch is a advertising good results. One particular of the motives for this is the pricing. Whilst the watches are not inexpensive they are a lot more reasonable that you’d expect. The pieces come in gold, platinum, and steel. The gold models are in the ,000 range. Not inexpensive, but Montblanc is not asking for ,000. In fact, their platinum version is about ,000 – which in the luxury market isn’t that a lot for a platinum watch. In steel the watch retails for about ,200. It comes in a steel bracelet or an alligator strap (black or brown). I am told that quickly Montblanc will create a brand new metal bracelet for the Nicolas Rieussec collection.

All round these are enjoyable watches. The Montblanc identity is a main good, and I appreciate the visual style and functionality of the R200 movement. While special in its appears, this is an straightforward watch to wear day-to-day. Montblanc is not generating a mere collector’s piece right here. Developed to avoid boredom but preserve utility the Nicolas Rieussec watch collection is intended for all types of watch lovers to worn day-to-day.

Plate Jig Grinding

Plate Jig Grinding

A few nice jig grinding pictures I identified:

Plate Jig Grinding

Image by NVT Technology Pte Ltd

www.nvt.com.sg

Image from web page 248 of “The selection functions of Thomas Hood, in prose and verse” (1881)

Image by World wide web Archive Book Pictures
Identifier: choiceworksoftho01hood
Title: The decision operates of Thomas Hood, in prose and verse
Year: 1881 (1880s)
Authors: Hood, Thomas, 1799-1845. [from old catalog] Shepherd, Richard Herne, 1842-1895. [from old catalog]
Subjects:
Publisher: New York, J. W. Lovell
Contributing Library: The Library of Congress
Digitizing Sponsor: Sloan Foundation

View Book Page: Book Viewer
About This Book: Catalog Entry
View All Photos: All Pictures From Book

Click right here to view book on the web to see this illustration in context in a browseable online version of this book.

Text Appearing Ahead of Image:
, but recoils back at tliesound of an approaching carriage. An^^er, with starting eyeballs,blows a rude clash on the bugle-horn and Despair, a snipe-faced wight,bejjuiles his grief with low suhen sounds on the bassoon. Hope, aconsumptive Scot, with golden hair and a cl.irionet, indulges, like theflatterer hersdf, in a thousand great flourishes beside the tune —with a lingering quaver at the close and would quaver longer, butRevenge shakt s his matted locks, blows a fresh alarum on his pandeans,and thumps, with double heat his double-drum. Dejected Pity, at hisside, a hunger-bitten urchin, applies to his silver-toned triangle whilstJealousy, sad proof of his distracted state, grinds on, in all sorts oftime, at his barrel-ortan. With eyes upraised, pale Melancholy sings,retired and unheeded, at the corner of the street and Mirth,—yonderhe is, a brisk tiny Savoyard, jerking away at the hurdygurdy. anddancing himself at the same time, to render his jig-tune much more jigging.

Text Appearing After Image:
•Dust oi DEATHS RAMBLE. One particular day the dreary old King of DeathInclined for some sport with the carnaV So he tied a pack of d.uts on his back,And quietly stole from his charnel. ■28 DEATHS RAMBLE. His head was bald of flesh and of hair, His body was lean and lanlc,His joints at every single stir created a crAck, and the Cut Took a gnaw, by the way, at his shank. And what did he do with his deadly darts, This goblin of grisly bone ?He dabbled and spilld mans blood, and he killd Like a butcher that kills his personal. The very first he slaughterd it produced him laugh(For the mm was a coffin-maker), To consider how the mutes, and males in black suits,Would mourn for an undertaker. Death saw two Quakers sitting at church, Quoth he, We shall not differAnd he let them alone, like figures of ston^ For he could not make them stiffer. He saw two duellists going to fight, In fear they could not smotherAnd he shot a single through at once—for he knew They never would shoot each and every other. He saw a watchman fast in his box. And

Note About Pictures
Please note that these pictures are extracted from scanned web page photos that might have been digitally enhanced for readability – coloration and look of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original perform.

Good Cnc Metal Cutting images

Good Cnc Metal Cutting images

Some cool cnc metal cutting photos:

Traces of vibration

Image by Bushman.K
This is close-up photo of relatively thin (.060&quot= 1.5mm) piece of stock on the bottom of part. When you are machining some component from the prime side, then flipping it upside down, you typically have some type of rectangular &quotflange&quot there. removal of this extra material employing big diameter facemill produces wide thin functions. These features can most likely start off vibrating, when they are thin and wide sufficient. Therefore, deflected piece of metal can get into the moving cutter and brake it. Aluminum does not appear to be tough enough to do that, but steel does for sure. Here you can see, what kind of toolmarks does the cutter make on the vibrating machined surface.
To stay away from this situation, it really is far better to run contour reduce around the element to remove these thin hanging attributes. One more way is to make an undercut around the bounding shape of component to be capable to break off that further material with pliers, for instance.

cuts

Image by Luiza

Handmade micrometer rig

Handmade micrometer rig

Some cool surface grinding stainless steel pictures:

Handmade micrometer rig

Image by Bushman.K
My new handmade micrometer rig for focus stacking. Primary components of it are Starret .5&quot head with .0001&quot resolution and Chuo-Seiki single axis translation stage. Platform and bracket are milled from a piece of aluminum and bolted together with stainless steel socket screws. Micrometer shaft has threaded finish, so I produced precisely ground plug with front surface perpendicular to its axis of rotation.
Now, I need to make numerous mounting holes in platform to be capable to connect it to table or clamps. Some clamping device for object holding ought to be added also.

I have a plan to play with it for some period, than – to make better a single, employing CNC machine, to be able to adapt the plan for various heads and stages.

contemporary-bespoke-glass-treads-acrylic-treads-staircase-taughened-glass-balustrade-1

Image by Contemporary Staircases
A very uncommon combination of Acrylic, Glass, Stainless Steel and Powder coated mild steel, offers this basement to ground floor staircase a touch of real elegance. Each and every tread is constructed by chemically bonding 20mm thick Acrylic to 10mm toughened Glass, with a screen printed interlayer to hide the screw fixings to the stringers, and a non slip strips applied to the prime surface. The central Balustrade panel is created from 26mm toughened and laminated Glass that perfectly aligns with a Glass panel that projects straight out of the wall to type the prime landing Balustrade.

Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center: Space Shuttle Enterprise (view of principal engines from starboard side)

Image by Chris Devers
See a lot more photographs of this, and the Wikipedia report.

Specifics, quoting from Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum | Space Shuttle Enterprise:

Manufacturer:
Rockwell International Corporation

Country of Origin:
United States of America

Dimensions:
General: 57 ft. tall x 122 ft. extended x 78 ft. wing span, 150,000 lb.
(1737.36 x 3718.57 x 2377.44cm, 68039.6kg)

Materials:
Aluminum airframe and body with some fiberglass attributes payload bay doors are graphite epoxy composite thermal tiles are simulated (polyurethane foam) except for test samples of actual tiles and thermal blankets.

The 1st Space Shuttle orbiter, &quotEnterprise,&quot is a full-scale test vehicle used for flights in the atmosphere and tests on the ground it is not equipped for spaceflight. Even though the airframe and flight handle elements are like those of the Shuttles flown in space, this automobile has no propulsion technique and only simulated thermal tiles due to the fact these attributes have been not needed for atmospheric and ground tests. &quotEnterprise&quot was rolled out at Rockwell International’s assembly facility in Palmdale, California, in 1976. In 1977, it entered service for a nine-month-lengthy approach-and-landing test flight program. Thereafter it was employed for vibration tests and match checks at NASA centers, and it also appeared in the 1983 Paris Air Show and the 1984 World’s Fair in New Orleans. In 1985, NASA transferred &quotEnterprise&quot to the Smithsonian Institution’s National Air and Space Museum.

Transferred from National Aeronautics and Space Administration

• • •

Quoting from Wikipedia | Space Shuttle Enterprise:

The Space Shuttle Enterprise (NASA Orbiter Vehicle Designation: OV-101) was the first Space Shuttle orbiter. It was built for NASA as component of the Space Shuttle program to perform test flights in the atmosphere. It was constructed with no engines or a functional heat shield, and was therefore not capable of spaceflight.

Initially, Enterprise had been intended to be refitted for orbital flight, which would have made it the second space shuttle to fly soon after Columbia. Even so, in the course of the construction of Columbia, information of the final style changed, specifically with regard to the weight of the fuselage and wings. Refitting Enterprise for spaceflight would have involved dismantling the orbiter and returning the sections to subcontractors across the country. As this was an costly proposition, it was determined to be less pricey to construct Challenger about a body frame (STA-099) that had been created as a test post. Similarly, Enterprise was considered for refit to replace Challenger following the latter was destroyed, but Endeavour was built from structural spares alternatively.

Service

Building started on the first orbiter on June 4, 1974. Designated OV-101, it was initially planned to be named Constitution and unveiled on Constitution Day, September 17, 1976. A create-in campaign by Trekkies to President Gerald Ford asked that the orbiter be named following the Starship Enterprise, featured on the television show Star Trek. Even though Ford did not mention the campaign, the president—who in the course of Globe War II had served on the aircraft carrier USS&nbspMonterey&nbsp(CVL-26) that served with USS&nbspEnterprise&nbsp(CV-6)—said that he was &quotpartial to the name&quot and overrode NASA officials.

The design of OV-101 was not the identical as that planned for OV-102, the initial flight model the tail was constructed differently, and it did not have the interfaces to mount OMS pods. A huge number of subsystems—ranging from main engines to radar equipment—were not installed on this car, but the capacity to add them in the future was retained. Alternatively of a thermal protection method, its surface was mainly fiberglass.

In mid-1976, the orbiter was utilized for ground vibration tests, allowing engineers to compare data from an actual flight automobile with theoretical models.

On September 17, 1976, Enterprise was rolled out of Rockwell’s plant at Palmdale, California. In recognition of its fictional namesake, Star Trek creator Gene Roddenberry and most of the principal cast of the original series of Star Trek have been on hand at the dedication ceremony.

Approach and landing tests (ALT)

Major article: Strategy and Landing Tests

On January 31, 1977, it was taken by road to Dryden Flight Research Center at Edwards Air Force Base, to start operational testing.

While at NASA Dryden, Enterprise was employed by NASA for a selection of ground and flight tests intended to validate aspects of the shuttle program. The initial nine-month testing period was referred to by the acronym ALT, for &quotApproach and Landing Test&quot. These tests integrated a maiden &quotflight&quot on February 18, 1977 atop a Boeing 747 Shuttle Carrier Aircraft (SCA) to measure structural loads and ground handling and braking qualities of the mated method. Ground tests of all orbiter subsystems have been carried out to verify functionality prior to atmospheric flight.

The mated Enterprise/SCA combination was then subjected to five test flights with Enterprise unmanned and unactivated. The purpose of these test flights was to measure the flight qualities of the mated combination. These tests were followed with three test flights with Enterprise manned to test the shuttle flight handle systems.

Enterprise underwent five free of charge flights exactly where the craft separated from the SCA and was landed beneath astronaut control. These tests verified the flight qualities of the orbiter style and have been carried out beneath several aerodynamic and weight configurations. On the fifth and final glider flight, pilot-induced oscillation issues were revealed, which had to be addressed prior to the very first orbital launch occurred.

On August 12, 1977, the space shuttle Enterprise flew on its own for the initial time.

Preparation for STS-1

Following the ALT plan, Enterprise was ferried among several NASA facilities to configure the craft for vibration testing. In June 1979, it was mated with an external tank and strong rocket boosters (recognized as a boilerplate configuration) and tested in a launch configuration at Kennedy Space Center Launch Pad 39A.

Retirement

With the completion of critical testing, Enterprise was partially disassembled to enable particular components to be reused in other shuttles, then underwent an international tour visiting France, Germany, Italy, the United Kingdom, Canada, and the U.S. states of California, Alabama, and Louisiana (during the 1984 Louisiana Globe Exposition). It was also used to fit-verify the by no means-employed shuttle launch pad at Vandenberg AFB, California. Lastly, on November 18, 1985, Enterprise was ferried to Washington, D.C., exactly where it became property of the Smithsonian Institution.

Post-Challenger

Following the Challenger disaster, NASA regarded using Enterprise as a replacement. Even so refitting the shuttle with all of the needed equipment necessary for it to be employed in space was deemed, but alternatively it was decided to use spares constructed at the same time as Discovery and Atlantis to construct Endeavour.

Post-Columbia

In 2003, after the breakup of Columbia in the course of re-entry, the Columbia Accident Investigation Board conducted tests at Southwest Investigation Institute, which utilised an air gun to shoot foam blocks of similar size, mass and speed to that which struck Columbia at a test structure which mechanically replicated the orbiter wing major edge. They removed a fiberglass panel from Enterprise’s wing to carry out analysis of the material and attached it to the test structure, then shot a foam block at it. While the panel was not broken as a outcome of the test, the effect was adequate to permanently deform a seal. As the reinforced carbon-carbon (RCC) panel on Columbia was 2.five instances weaker, this recommended that the RCC major edge would have been shattered. Extra tests on the fiberglass have been canceled in order not to danger damaging the test apparatus, and a panel from Discovery was tested to determine the effects of the foam on a similarly-aged RCC major edge. On July 7, 2003, a foam effect test produced a hole 41&nbspcm by 42.5&nbspcm (16.1&nbspinches by 16.7&nbspinches) in the protective RCC panel. The tests clearly demonstrated that a foam effect of the type Columbia sustained could seriously breach the protective RCC panels on the wing major edge.

The board determined that the probable cause of the accident was that the foam impact brought on a breach of a reinforced carbon-carbon panel along the major edge of Columbia’s left wing, enabling hot gases generated during re-entry to enter the wing and trigger structural collapse. This brought on Columbia to spin out of control, breaking up with the loss of the complete crew.

Museum exhibit

Enterprise was stored at the Smithsonian’s hangar at Washington Dulles International Airport just before it was restored and moved to the newly constructed Smithsonian’s National Air and Space Museum‘s Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center at Dulles International Airport, exactly where it has been the centerpiece of the space collection. On April 12, 2011, NASA announced that Space Shuttle Discovery, the most traveled orbiter in the fleet, will be added to the collection when the Shuttle fleet is retired. When that occurs, Enterprise will be moved to the Intrepid Sea-Air-Space Museum in New York City, to a newly constructed hangar adjacent to the museum. In preparation for the anticipated relocation, engineers evaluated the vehicle in early 2010 and determined that it was protected to fly on the Shuttle Carrier Aircraft after once again.