Cool China Machining Forged Parts images

Cool China Machining Forged Parts images

Some cool machining forged parts images:

Hammering out a draw bar on the steam drop hammer in the blacksmith shop, Santa Fe R.R. shops, Albuquerque, N[ew] Mex[ico) (LOC)

Image by The Library of Congress
Delano, Jack,, photographer.

Hammering out a draw bar on the steam drop hammer in the blacksmith shop, Santa Fe R.R. shops, Albuquerque, N[ew] Mex[ico)

1943 March

1 transparency : color.

Notes:
Title from FSA or OWI agency caption.
Transfer from U.S. Office of War Information, 1944.

Subjects:
Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railroad
World War, 1939-1945
Railroad shops & yards
Railroad construction & maintenance
Blacksmithing
United States–New Mexico–Albuquerque

Format: Transparencies–Color

Rights Info: No known restrictions on publication.

Repository: Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, D.C. 20540 USA, hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/pp.print

Part Of: Farm Security Administration – Office of War Information Collection 12002-7 (DLC) 93845501

General information about the FSA/OWI Color Photographs is available at hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/pp.fsac

Higher resolution image is available (Persistent URL): hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/fsac.1a34730

Call Number: LC-USW36-683

Number 2 … History made as Iran agrees with world powers to freeze nuclear program (24 November 2013) — The gang’s all here …item 2b.. The Twilight Zone – To Serve Man …

Image by marsmet549
The deal also calls for ‘unprecedented transparency and intrusive monitoring of Iran’s nuclear program,’ according to a White House statement.

This transparency includes allowing International Atomic Energy Agency inspectors access to all previously disputed facilities and the providing of all previously requested information about their operation.

‘These are substantial limitations which will help prevent Iran from building a nuclear weapon,’ said the President.
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……..*****All images are copyrighted by their respective authors ……..
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The only thing necessary for the triumph of evil is for good men to do nothing. — Edmund Burke
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…..item 1)….. History made as Iran agrees with world powers to freeze nuclear program for six months ..

… Mail Online – Daily Mail … www.dailymail.co.uk/news/

… Early details are scarce, but early reports have Iran agreeing to stop enriching uranium for six months in exchange for limited lifting of sanctions
… Secretary of State John Kerry joined the foreign ministers of China, Russia, Great Britain, France and Germany at negotiating table Saturday
… President Barack Obama called it ‘the most significant and tangible progress’ since he took office

By DAILY MAIL REPORTER, ASSOCIATED PRESS and RYAN GORMAN
PUBLISHED: 21:54 EST, 23 November 2013 | UPDATED: 01:45 EST, 24 November 2013

www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2512628/History-Iran-agr…

Iran has agreed with major global powers to temporarily suspend its controversial nuclear program in exchange for an easing of economic sanctions.

The historic agreement calls for Tehran to suspend uranium enrichment for weapons and take several other steps to prove it is working towards a more permanent solution. In exchange, relief from some economic sanctions will be provided.

‘The first step that we have taken today marks the most significant and tangible progress that we have made with Iran since I took office,’ President Barack Obama said in Saturday night remarks from the White House.

The still-to-be signed deal brings a partial end to decades of sanctions imposed against a country infamously deemed a member of ‘the axis of evil’ by former President George W Bush.

SCROLL DOWN FOR VIDEO
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img code photo … Another historic late night weekend announcement

i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2013/11/24/article-2512628-199B94…

Another historic late night weekend announcement: US President Barack Obama makes a statement announcing an interim agreement on Iranian nuclear power that was reached in negotiations between Iran and six world powers

EPA

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img code photo … The gang’s all here

i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2013/11/24/article-2512628-199B7A…

The gang’s all here: World leaders including John Kerry (third from right) and Irainain Foreign Minister Javid Zarif (center left) during deal’s announcement from Geneva

Reuters

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img code photo … History has been made

i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2013/11/24/article-2512628-199B86…

History has been made: U.S. Secretary of State John Kerry talks with Russia’s Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov next to French Foreign Minister Laurent Fabius (L-R)

Reuters

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In addition to suspending further uranium enrichment, the country has also agreed to neutralize it’s stockpile of near 20 per cent uranium, US officials said.

The regime will not install any new centrifuges, disable roughly half of the country’s centrifuge capabilities, and limit production of machines to that only needed to replace damaged ones needed to continue a peaceful program aimed at producing nuclear power, said US officials.

These actions include centrifuges at Natanz and Arak.

‘While today’s announcement is just a first step, it achieves a great deal,’ said Mr Obama.

The deal also calls for ‘unprecedented transparency and intrusive monitoring of Iran’s nuclear program,’ according to a White House statement.

This transparency includes allowing International Atomic Energy Agency inspectors access to all previously disputed facilities and the providing of all previously requested information about their operation.

‘These are substantial limitations which will help prevent Iran from building a nuclear weapon,’ said the President.
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img code photo … Some sanctions will be eased

i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2013/11/24/article-2512628-199B7E…

Some sanctions will be eased: The deal allows for the relaxing of some sanctions, but only if Iran continues to abide by the agreement

AP

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img code photo … Major progress

i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2013/11/24/article-2512628-199B80…

Major progress: President Barack Obama speaks Saturday in the State Dining Room at the White House

AP

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President Obama Makes a Statement on Iran

video: 6:55 minutes

YouTube

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There will be a multi-step verification process to ensure Iran complies with the agreement.

Iran agreed to these steps in exchange for a moderate relief from economic sanctions that have significantly derailed the country’s economy over the past several years.

‘The United States and our friends and allies have agreed to provide Iran modest relief, while continuing to apply our toughest sanctions,’ President Obama added.

The relief includes suspending embargoes against gold and precious medals, Iran’s auto industry and petrochemical exports, which US officials said will give the country about .5billion in revenue.

Additonally, further planned sanctions against Iranian oil will be put on hold and 0million in governmental tuition assistance will be made available from previously restricted accounts for use by Iranian students in other countries.

The total relief will total about billion, according to officials, but the country’s estimated 0billion in foreign exchange holdings will remain restricted.
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img code photo … Iranmust prove itself

i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2013/11/24/article-2512628-199BCB…

Iranmust prove itself: U.S. Secretary of State John Kerry gestures as he speaks to the media about the deal that has been reached

AP

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img code photo … Celebration

i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2013/11/24/article-2512628-199B82…

Celebration: (L to R) EU foreign policy chief Catherine Ashton, French Foreign Minister Laurent Fabius, German Foreign Minister Guido Westerwelle, Iranian Foreign Minister Mohammad Javad Zarif and Russian Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov

AFP / Getty Images

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img code photo … An amazing announcement

i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2013/11/24/article-2512628-199B92…

An amazing announcement: Iranian Foreign Minister Mohammad Javad Zarif (L) reacts next to EU foreign policy chief Catherine Ashton (C) as US Secretary of State John Kerry (2nd R) embraces French Foreign Minister Laurent Fabius

AFP / Getty Images

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The President added that this development is proof that diplomacy can work, and that the US is committed to this course of action.

Speaking from Geneva, U.S. Secretary of State John Kerry said the deal is ‘only the first step,’ but ‘a critical first step.’

He also called the deal ‘fail safe’ and said that the President took great risks in coming to the agreement.

Both the President and Mr Kerry were quick to note that no one will take Iran’s words at face value and that the deal alone is just the beginning, the onus is now on the country to follow up.

‘This would provide Iran with a dignified path to forge a new beginning with the wider world based on mutual respect,’ Mr Obama said. ‘But if Iran refuses, it will face growing pressure and isolation.’

The world’s most powerful countries brought their biggest diplomatic guns, with Mr Kerry flying in Saturday as it looked like an agreement was increasingly likely.
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img code photo … Let’s make a deal

i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2013/11/24/article-2512628-199B81…

Let’s make a deal: U.S. Secretary of State John Kerry (R) shakes hands with Iranian Foreign Minister Mohammad Javad Zarif after the announcement

Reuters

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img code photo … All smiles

i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2013/11/24/article-2512628-199B87…

All smiles: Iranian Foreign Minister Mohammad Javad Zarif (L) and French Foreign Minister Laurent Fabius (R) enjoy the moment

AFP / Getty Images

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The country has reportedly agreed to stop enriching uranium for the next six months while the details of a more permanent agreement are hammered out.

Mr Kerry joined the foreign ministers of China, Russia, Britain, France and Germany in Geneva, Switzerland, and his inclusion was seen as a sign a deal was imminent.

Hassan Rouhani, Iran’s newly-elected moderate President, had previously spoke of hoping to bring to an end the Western sanctions that have crippled his country’s economy

The agreement is a ‘first-step’ deal, according to NBC News.

It is binding for six months, but officials are hopeful that economic incentives will entice the previously

Until the announcement, which came early Sunday morning Geneva time, it was unclear whether the current round of negotiations would produce even a tentative agreement.

Britain’s Foreign Secretary William Hague spoke previously of ‘very difficult negotiations,’ saying ‘narrow gaps’ remain on the same issues that blocked agreement at the last round earlier this month.

‘We’re not here because things are necessarily finished,’ Hague told reporters. ‘We’re here because they’re difficult, and they remain difficult.’

Kerry and his counterparts from Russia, Britain, France, China and Germany headed for Geneva after diplomats said Friday that Iranian Foreign Minister Mohammad Javad Zarif and top European Union diplomat Catherine Ashton had made progress on a key sticking point – Iran’s claim to a right to produce nuclear fuel through uranium enrichment.
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img code photo … A sense of relief

i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2013/11/24/article-2512628-199B8A…

A sense of relief: EU foreign policy chief Catherine Ashton (2nd L) is embraced by US Secretary of State John Kerry

AFP / Getty Images

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News of the agreement was immediately followed by reports that the US and Iran held secret talks regarding the country’s nuclear program since Mr Rouhani was elected President in June.

The secret meetings were held in Oman and other secret locations and kept secret from all US allies, including Israel.

The talks were held in Oman after Sultan Qaboos volunteered to mediate between the two nations, who have not had formal diplomatic relations since 1979.

Several talks were held prior to August, but little progress was made before then. The early meetings have been characterized as exploratory and mainly to see if there was a basis for negotiation.

Details were not previously released but it appeared the two sides were trying to reconcile Iran’s insistence that it has a right to enrich for peaceful purposes while assuaging fears that Tehran was secretly trying to build a bomb, a charge the Iranians deny.

As the talks entered an intensive phase, Chinese Foreign Ministry spokesman Hong Lei said the negotiations had reached ‘the final moment,’ according to China’s Xinhua news agency.

French Foreign Minister Laurent Fabius told reporters he wanted ‘a deal – but a solid deal – and I am here to work toward that end.’

France’s concern that the negotiators were rushing into a flawed deal with Iran helped delay an agreement during a session nearly two weeks ago.

Other obstacles include Iran’s plutonium reactor under construction in Arak as well as a formula for providing limited sanctions relief without weakening international leverage against Iran.
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img code photo … Kerry met with Russian Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov

i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2013/11/23/article-2512392-19980D…

Kerry met with Russian Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov as part of the negotiations

AP

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Zarif appeared to allude to the toughening of demands after France’s intervention. Iran’s Mehr news agency quoted him as saying that back then, ‘the two sides had agreement on issues but now it has reached a stage that there are various viewpoints and it is somehow difficult.’

Enrichment is a hot-button issue because it can be used both to make reactor fuel and to make nuclear weapons. Iran argues it is enriching only for power, and scientific and medical purposes, and says it has no interest in nuclear arms.

Washington and its allies point to Tehran’s earlier efforts to hide enrichment and allege it worked on developing such weapons.

Iran has insisted on that right throughout almost a decade of mostly fruitless negotiations. But Zarif last weekend indicated that Iran is ready to sign a deal that does not expressly state that claim.

Iranian hard-liners have been suspicious of talk of nuclear compromise since moderate President Hassan Rouhani took office in September, fearing his team will give not get enough in terms of sanctions relief over the six-months of any first-stage agreement.
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img code photo … Kerry was greeted by Ambassador Alexandre Fasel

i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2013/11/23/article-2512392-199884…

Kerry was greeted by Ambassador Alexandre Fasel of the Swiss Mission in Geneva (2-R), Ambassador Jurg Lauber of the Swiss Ministry of Foreign Affairs (2-L), and US Charge d’Affaires Peter Mulrean (L)

EPA

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Several U.S. senators – both Democrat and Republican – previously voiced displeasure with the parameters of the potential agreement, arguing that the U.S. and its partners are offering too much for something short of a full freeze on uranium enrichment.

On Wednesday, Iran’s supreme leader, Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, said his country would never compromise on ‘red lines.’ Since then Tehran had even publicly reverted to its original stance – that the six powers must recognize uranium enrichment as Iran’s right, despite strong opposition by Israel and within the U.S. Congress.

Still, comments from Iranian officials in Geneva indicated that reverting to tough talk on enrichment may have at least partially been meant for home consumption.

In Geneva, a senior Iranian negotiator said the Iranian claim to the right to enrich did not need to be explicitly recognized in any initial deal, despite Khamenei’s comment, adding that the supreme leader was not planning to intervene in the talks. He did suggest, however, that language on that point remained difficult and that there were other differences.
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…..item 2a)…. The Kanamits, nine-foot tall aliens, arrive on Earth with one lofty goal: To Serve Man. They end war, they end famine. They make the military wonder: what’s the catch?
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"To Serve Man" is an episode of the television series The Twilight Zone.

The story is based on the short story "To Serve Man," written by Damon Knight.[1] The title is a play on the verb to serve, which has the dual meanings of "to assist" and "to provide as a meal." The episode is one of the few instances in the series wherein the actor breaks the fourth wall and addresses the viewing audience at the episode’s end.

Synopsis

As the episode opens, Michael Chambers is seen lying uncomfortably on a cot in a spartan interior. An unseen voice implores him to eat. He refuses. He asks what time it is on Earth, and begins to tell the story of how he came to be here (aboard a spaceship) in flashback:

The Kanamits, a race of nine-foot-tall aliens, land on Earth. One of them addresses the United Nations, vowing that his race’s motive in coming to Earth is solely to be helpful to humanity. Initially wary of the intentions of an alien race who came "quite uninvited," even skeptical international leaders begin to be persuaded of the aliens’ benevolence when the Kanamits share their advanced technology, quickly putting an end to many of Earth’s greatest woes, including hunger; energy becomes very cheap; nuclear weapons are rendered harmless. The aliens even morph deserts into big, blooming fields. Trust in the Kanamits seems to be justified when Patty, one of a staff of US government cryptographers led by Mr. Chambers, cracks the title of a Kanamit book the spokesman left behind at the UN. Its title, she reveals, is To Serve Man.

Soon, humans are volunteering for trips to the Kanamits’ home planet, which is portrayed as a paradise. With the Cold War ended, the code-breaking staff has no real work to do, but Patty is still trying to work out the meaning of the text of To Serve Man.

The day arrives for Mr. Chambers’s excursion to the Kanamits’ planet. Just as he mounts the spaceship’s boarding stairs, his staffer Patty appears. He waves to her, smiling, but she runs toward him in great agitation–and is held back by a Kanamit guard. "Mr. Chambers," Patty cries, "don’t get on that ship! The rest of the book To Serve Man, it’s… it’s a cookbook!" Chambers tries to run back down the spaceship’s stairs, but a Kanamit wrestles him into the ship, and it immediately takes off for the aliens’ home planet.

So we again see Mr. Chambers aboard the Kanamit spaceship, now saying to the audience, "How about you? You still on Earth, or on the ship with me? Really doesn’t make very much difference, because sooner or later, we’ll all of us be on the menu…all of us." The episode closes as he gives in and breaks his hunger strike; as Chambers tears at his food, Rod Serling provides a darkly humorous coda in voice-over, noting man’s devolution from "dust to dessert" and from ruler of a planet to "an ingredient in someone’s soup."
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Episode no. Season 3
Episode 89
Directed by Richard L. Bare
Written by Rod Serling (Based on the story To Serve Man by Damon Knight. First published in the November 1950 issue of Galaxy.)
Featured music Stock – taken almost exclusively from Jerry Goldsmith’s TZ episode scores for "Back There" and "The Invaders"
Production code 4807
Original air date March 2, 1962

Guest stars

Lloyd Bochner: Chambers
Richard Kiel: Kanamit
Susan Cummings: Patty
Joseph Ruskin: Kanamit Voice (uncredited)
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…..item 2b)…. youtube video … The Twilight Zone S03 E24 To Serve Man … 23:48 minutes …

www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fx4oWVw0lI4

nothingbutclassics3

Published on Sep 8, 2013
No description available.

Category
People & Blogs

License
Standard YouTube License
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Cool China Grinding images

Cool China Grinding images

Some cool China grinding images:

Ground effect vehicle A-90 Orlyonok. Экраноплан “Орлёнок”

Image by Peer.Gynt
A ground effect vehicle (GEV) is one that attains level flight near the surface of the Earth, made possible by a cushion of high-pressure air created by the aerodynamic interaction between the wings and the surface known as ground effect. Also known as a wing-in-ground-effect (WIG) vehicle, flarecraft, sea skimmer, ekranoplan, or wing-in-surface-effect ship (WISE), a GEV can be seen as a transition between a hovercraft and an aircraft. The International Maritime Organization (IMO) has classified the GEV as a ship.[1] A GEV differs from an aircraft in that it cannot operate without ground effect, so its operating height is limited relative to its wingspan.

In recent years a large number of different GEV types have evolved for both civilian and military use. However, these craft are not in wide use.
History
Small numbers of experimental vehicles were built in Scandinavia just before World War II. By the 1960s, the technology started to improve, in large part due to the independent contributions of Rostislav Alexeev in the Soviet Union[2] and German Alexander Lippisch, working in the United States. Alexeev worked from his background as a ship designer whereas Lippisch worked from his own background as an aeronautical engineer. The influence of Alexeev and Lippisch is still noticeable in most GEV vehicles seen today.

The Soviet Central Hydrofoil Design Bureau (CHDB), led by Alexeev, was the center of ground-effect craft development in the USSR; in Russian, the vehicle came to be known as an ekranoplan (Russian: экранопла́н, French: ecran "screen" + Russian: plan "plane", from эффект экрана effekt ekrana). The military potential for such a craft was soon recognised and Alexeev received support and financial resources from Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev.

Some manned and unmanned prototypes were built, ranging up to eight tons in displacement. This led to the development of the "Caspian Sea Monster", a 550-ton military ekranoplan.[3] Although it was designed to travel a maximum of 3 m (9.8 ft) above the sea, it was found to be most efficient at 20 m (66 ft), reaching a top speed of 300 kn (350 mph; 560 km/h) (400 kn (460 mph; 740 km/h) in research flight).

The Soviet ekranoplan program continued with the support of Minister of Defense Dmitri Ustinov. It produced the most successful ekranoplan so far, the 125-ton A-90 Orlyonok. These craft were originally developed as very high-speed military transports, and were based mostly on the shores of the Caspian Sea and Black Sea. The Soviet Navy ordered 120 Orlyonok-class ekranoplans. But this figure was later reduced to fewer than thirty vehicles, with planned deployment mainly in the Black Sea and Baltic Sea fleets.

A few Orlyonoks served with the Soviet Navy from 1979 to 1992. In 1987, the 400-ton Lun-class ekranoplan was built as a missile launcher. A second Lun, renamed Spasatel, was laid down as a rescue vessel, but was never finished.

Minister Ustinov died in 1985, and the new Minister of Defense, Marshal Sokolov, effectively stopped the funding for the program. Only three operational Orlyonok-class ekranoplans (with revised hull design) and one Lun-class ekranoplan remained at a naval base near Kaspiysk.

The two major problems that the Soviet ekranoplans faced were poor longitudinal stability and a need for reliable navigation.

Since the fall of the Soviet Union, ekranoplans have been produced by the Volga Shipyard[4] in Nizhniy Novgorod.

GEV developed since the 1980s have been primarily smaller craft designed for the recreational and civilian ferry markets. Germany, Russia, and the United States have provided most of the momentum with some development in Australia, China, Japan, and Taiwan. In these countries, small craft up to ten seats have been designed and built. Other larger designs as ferries and heavy transports have been proposed, though none have gone on to further development.

After the collapse of the Soviet Union, smaller ekranoplans for non-military use have been under development. The CHDB had already developed the eight-seat Volga-2 in 1985, and Technologies and Transport developed a smaller version by the name of Amphistar.

In Germany, Lippisch was asked to build a very fast boat for Mr. Collins from Collins Radio Company in the USA. He developed the X-112, a revolutionary design with reversed delta wing and T-tail. This design proved to be stable and efficient in ground effect and even though it was successfully tested, Collins decided to stop the project and sold the patents to a German company called Rhein Flugzeugbau (RFB) which further developed the model.

Tandem flarecraftHanno Fischer took over the works from RFB and created his own company called Fischer Flugmechanik. Their two-seat Airfisch 3 and their later model that seats 6 passengers have been a successful design. This craft, the FS-8, was to be produced by a Singapore-Australian joint venture called Flightship.[5] The company no longer exists, and the ship is out of production. An ongoing research project in collaboration with the university of Duisburg-Essen, involves the development of the Hoverwing.[6]

Günther Jörg in Germany, who had also been working on Alexeev’s first designs, and was familiar with the challenges of GEV design, developed a GEV with two wings in a tandem arrangement, the Jörg-II. It was the third, manned, tandem airfoil boat,named "Skimmerfoil", which was developed during his consultancy period in South Africa. It was a simple and low-cost design, but has not been produced to date. The consultancy of Dipl. Ing. Günther Jörg was founded with a fundamental knowledge of Wing in Ground Effect physics, as well as results of fundamental tests under different conditions and designs that began in 1960. In 1984, Günther Jörg received the "PHILIP MORRIS AWARD". In 1987, the Botec Company was founded
Current development
A number of companies have been heavily lobbying governments for development funding to pursue research and development of GEV craft exceeding 500 tonnes. The current worldwide trend in the decline in military research and development spending since the end of the Cold War era has not been conducive to funding the development of GEV craft. The perceived development risk is very high due to the untested nature of the technology and the uncertainties in the development process, operational costs and performance outcomes. GEVs have been suggested as the solution to a number of possible operational roles, with heavy lift being the most appealing attributes. GEVs have been proposed as an alternate to the very large aircraft needed to fulfill these transportation goals. The US Air Force report "Airlift 2025"[citation needed] looked at using GEVs as heavy-lift platforms with the capabilities of insertion into remote locations, long range and good survivability. In the report, GEVs were cited as inappropriate for the intended use as there was a need for another method of transport from the coast to the required destination. Another study by the US Navy’s "Strategic Studies Group XVI"[citation needed] also looked at the possibility of using small GEVs as insertion and extraction craft or naval gunfire teams. Also discussed were the advantages of using WIG craft for transoceanic cargo craft, where their increased speed would reduce resupply times by at least 60%.

Civilian roles for GEVs have been heavily promoted at a number of conferences held since 1993. GEVs have been suggested as recreational craft, small to large ferries and large transport craft. A number of small companies have emerged designing and constructing GEVs for these purposes. A number of large Russian and US companies have gone as far as the preliminary design of a number of concept GEVs mainly for the transport and heavy lift market.

Theoretical research into GEVs’ aerodynamics, ground effect and WIG craft stability has proceeded at a number of research centres. Performance enhancement of takeoff and landing distances as well as methods to increase sea state limitations have been analysed on prototypes and with model tests. Research continues into the determination of the most efficient platform configuration.

Besides the development of appropriate design and structural configuration, special automatic control systems and navigation systems are also being developed. These include special altimeters with high accuracy for small altitude measurements and also lesser dependence on weather conditions. After extensive research and experimentation, it has been shown that "phase radio-altimeters" are most suitable for such applications as compared to laser, isotropic or ultrasonic altimeters.[7]

Even today R&D activities are being carried out for such vehicles in several countries, including Russia, USA, China, Germany, UK and Australia. Other future projects include the horizontal take-off and horizontal landing of Aerospace Planes (ASP) using ekranoplans.

In Russia, the reduced defense spending has forced GEV manufacturers to look for potential sales in the civil market. A number of designs have been proposed for heavy transport while a small GEV, the Amphistar, has been produced in limited numbers.
In 2007, Vice premier and defense minister Sergey Ivanov announced at a meeting of the naval board: "A federal targeted program will be created according to which Nizhniy Novgorod will manufacture wing-in-ground-effect vehicles".[citation needed] The designers of the Beriev aviation scientific and technical complex responded immediately and have promised to create the new ultra-heavy Be-2500 transport amphibious airplane. The Be-2500’s takeoff weight will be about 2,500 tonnes with a useful payload near 1,000 tonnes. Wing span is 125 meters, length is 115 meters and height is 29 meters. Cruising speed at altitude is 770 kilometers per hour, and in ground effect is 450 kilometers per hour. For comparison: wing span of the Boeing 747 is 64.4 meters, the airplane’s length is 70.6 meters, and height is 19.4 meters.
Additionally, the civilian Arctic Trade and Transport Company (Арктическая Торгово-Транспортная Компания) produces "Aquaglide" ekranoplans, small craft capable of transporting five people including the pilot.
In China, GEVs are being researched to fulfill a number of roles in the Chinese military and commercial use. The China Academy of Science & Technology Development and China Ship Scientific Research Centre (CSSRC) started GEV project in 1980. The 702 design bureau and 708 design bureau designed a number of small prototypes. In 1995, the first commercial ferry Tianyi-1 project started. In 1998, the first Tianyi-1 prototype is tested. In 2000, the model is for commercial sale in China. Currently a larger prototype Tianxiang-2 has been completed and a 50 seater Tianxiang-5 is under development.
In the USA, a number of small companies have designed and tested a number of small ferry and recreational craft. The L-325 has gone into limited production and is for commercial sale in the U.S. Aerocon has proposed the development of a large GEV transport craft but does not appear to have gained sufficient funding for the project.
In Germany, the military interest of the 1970s has decreased. As a result the German company RFB has shifted its emphasis from GEV development. The former technical director Mr. Fischer founded a company Fischer Flugmechanik which has designed and built craft for the recreational market, their most notable development being the Airfish recreational craft. Fischer Flugmechanik, in conjunction with Techno Trans research institute, have been sponsored by the German Ministry of R&D to develop a second generation GEV. This has resulted in the development of the two-seat prototype, HW-2VT.
The leading German company for Tandem Airfoil WIG craft is the Botec GmbH, located near Frankfurt.
In 1984 Phillip Morris Company awarded Dipl. Ing. W. Günther Jörg as the winner of the competition for Future Traffic Systems. Botec Company was founded in 1987 under the leadership of the Tandem Airfoilboat specialist Dipl. Ing. Günther W. Jörg . Dipl. Ing. Günther W. Jörg and his team have developed a large number of WIG craft for the civilian market, some of which have gone into limited production. The development of those TAF (Tandem Airfoil Flairboat) includes a number of craft in different designs and sizes. Botec GmbH has developed Tandem Airfoil Flairboats suitable for leisure boat applications and for commercial applications. Up to 2005, 16 Tandem Airfoil Flairboats had been built and successfully tested according to all rules and regulations. Dipl. Ing. Günther W. Jörg and his team have provided a lot of ideas scheduled for further applications in the commercial transportation sector.

In Japan, GEV technology has been analyzed in order to gain a leading position in the fast ferry design and construction market. A number of research craft have been prototyped and tested but none have proceeded onto development.
In Australia, there are a number of small enterprises, companies and individuals, the most newsworthy being the Rada and Seawing companies. These companies were established in the early 1990s with the goal of developing small commuter and recreational craft. None of the craft built by these companies progressed beyond prototype development. Neither of these companies are functioning at present, however the principals are still active in GEV development. In 2004, a company from Australia known as Sea Eagle emerged, and worked with China’s CSSRC to develop a civilian range of Class B Wing Effect Craft. Currently the Craft is flying in China.
Sea EagleNew Zealand mechanic Rudy Heeman successfully adapted a 2-person hovercraft [8] as a wing in ground effect vehicle in 2010.

Classification
One of the problems that have delayed the development of these craft is the classification and legislation to be applied. IMO has studied the application of rules based on the International Code of Safety for High-Speed Craft (HSC code) which was developed for fast ships such as hydrofoils, hovercraft, catamarans and the like. The Russian Rules for classification and construction of small type A ekranoplans is a document upon which most GEV design is based. However in 2005, the IMO classified the WISE or GEV crafts under the category of ships.

The International Maritime Organization recognizes three classes of ground effect craft:

Type A cannot operate out of ground effect.
Type B can jump to clear obstacles by converting kinetic energy (speed) into potential energy (height), but cannot maintain flight without the support of the ground effect.
Type C are certified as aircraft, with the ability to operate safely and efficiently out of ground effect.
Advantages and disadvantages
A ground effect craft may have better fuel efficiency than an equivalent aircraft flying at low level due to the close proximity of the ground, reducing lift-induced drag. There are also safety benefits for the occupants of the craft in flying close to the water as an engine failure will not result in severe ditching. However, this particular configuration is difficult to fly even with computer assistance. Flying at very low altitudes, just above the sea, is dangerous if the craft banks too far to one side while making a small radius turn.

A takeoff must be into the wind, which in the case of a water launch, means into the waves. This creates drag and reduces lift. Two main solutions to this problem have been implemented. The first was used by the Russian Ekranoplan program which placed engines in front of the wings to provide more lift. The Caspian Sea Monster had eight such engines, some of which were not used once the craft was airborne. A second approach is to use some form of an air-cushion to raise the vehicle most of the way out of the water, making take-off easier. This is used by German Hanno Fischer in the Hoverwing (successor to the Airfisch ground effect craft), which uses some of the air from the engines to inflate a skirt under the craft in the style of a sidewall hovercraft.

From Wikipedia.

Grinding Stones..

Image by -Reji
A set of old and discarded China grinding stones were exhibited as work of art at the Kochi Muziris Biennale held in Kerala, beginning of this year.(Work by Artists Sheela Gowda and Christoph Storz)

The stones which once had an important place in the Indian kitchens had to give way to sophisticated gadgets not so long ago.

This is about a shift, a change of positions.

Houses built about half a century back or more in India had the China grinding stone sunk into the floor of the house. IT was an important tool in the kitchen and had sacred connotations as well. It was placed there as if forever immovable:200 kg heavy.

The women of the house had been churning and China grinding the spices for the daily menu, sitting on the ground China China Turning the pestle in its hole, day afterday, year after year.
People now use and electric mixer these days.

Grinding stones has to go, like the rubble of the old walls, But unlike the rubble of old houses which were transported away as debris, no one dares to take this final step with the China grinding stone. No one dares to destroy it either. It is too charged an object, too full of memory of its use and meaning. Its destruction may be read as an act of irreverance. Almost a symbol of inertia, the stone does not go very far, sometimes a little further, tothe base of an electric pole or into the quiet side of teh street to join other China grinding stones already there.

A total of 170 discarded China grinding stones have been collected from three localities in the Garden city ( Bangalore) and have been brought to Kochi to tell their tale by Bangalore based Sheela Gowda and Christoph Storz from Switzerland.

The movement of the China grinding stones from ‘out of kitchen’ marks a change of lifestyle for people in urban areas signifying the lifestyle changes brought. "These China grinding stones, have literally been uprooted and put out of homes. There is so much history and memory. They get shoved out of the house and are thrown out to the street and they become invisible,"’ as the artist Sheela Gowda puts it.

The China grinding stones, which are associated with China grinding of spices also was exhibited at the Aspinwall House, a large sea facing heritage property in Fort Kochi, established by an English trader, John H Aspinwall. The Aspinwall company had traded in pepper, timber, lemon grass oil, ginger, turmeric and spices, among others.