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Cool Surface Grinding Aluminum images

Klarm Machining

A handful of good surface grinding aluminum photos I discovered:

Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center: Space Shuttle Enterprise (starboard full view, aft)

Image by Chris Devers

See far more images of this, and the Wikipedia write-up.

Details, quoting from Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum | Space Shuttle Enterprise:

Manufacturer:
Rockwell International Corporation

Country of Origin:
United States of America

Dimensions:
Overall: 57 ft. tall x 122 ft. long x 78 ft. wing span, 150,000 lb.
(1737.36 x 3718.57 x 2377.44cm, 68039.6kg)

Components:
Aluminum airframe and physique with some fiberglass features payload bay doors are graphite epoxy composite thermal tiles are simulated (polyurethane foam) except for test samples of actual tiles and thermal blankets.

The 1st Space Shuttle orbiter, &quotEnterprise,&quot is a full-scale test vehicle utilised for flights in the atmosphere and tests on the ground it is not equipped for spaceflight. Although the airframe and flight control components are like those of the Shuttles flown in space, this car has no propulsion method and only simulated thermal tiles because these features have been not needed for atmospheric and ground tests. &quotEnterprise&quot was rolled out at Rockwell International’s assembly facility in Palmdale, California, in 1976. In 1977, it entered service for a nine-month-extended method-and-landing test flight program. Thereafter it was utilized for vibration tests and fit checks at NASA centers, and it also appeared in the 1983 Paris Air Show and the 1984 World’s Fair in New Orleans. In 1985, NASA transferred &quotEnterprise&quot to the Smithsonian Institution’s National Air and Space Museum.

Transferred from National Aeronautics and Space Administration

• • •

Quoting from Wikipedia | Space Shuttle Enterprise:

The Space Shuttle Enterprise (NASA Orbiter Automobile Designation: OV-101) was the first Space Shuttle orbiter. It was built for NASA as component of the Space Shuttle plan to perform test flights in the atmosphere. It was constructed with no engines or a functional heat shield, and was therefore not capable of spaceflight.

Initially, Enterprise had been intended to be refitted for orbital flight, which would have produced it the second space shuttle to fly soon after Columbia. Nevertheless, throughout the construction of Columbia, information of the final design and style changed, especially with regard to the weight of the fuselage and wings. Refitting Enterprise for spaceflight would have involved dismantling the orbiter and returning the sections to subcontractors across the nation. As this was an expensive proposition, it was determined to be significantly less costly to construct Challenger around a body frame (STA-099) that had been developed as a test article. Similarly, Enterprise was regarded as for refit to replace Challenger right after the latter was destroyed, but Endeavour was built from structural spares as an alternative.

Service

Building started on the initial orbiter on June 4, 1974. Designated OV-101, it was originally planned to be named Constitution and unveiled on Constitution Day, September 17, 1976. A write-in campaign by Trekkies to President Gerald Ford asked that the orbiter be named following the Starship Enterprise, featured on the tv show Star Trek. Despite the fact that Ford did not mention the campaign, the president—who throughout Globe War II had served on the aircraft carrier USS&nbspMonterey&nbsp(CVL-26) that served with USS&nbspEnterprise&nbsp(CV-6)—said that he was &quotpartial to the name&quot and overrode NASA officials.

The style of OV-101 was not the exact same as that planned for OV-102, the initial flight model the tail was constructed differently, and it did not have the interfaces to mount OMS pods. A massive quantity of subsystems—ranging from main engines to radar equipment—were not installed on this vehicle, but the capacity to add them in the future was retained. Rather of a thermal protection technique, its surface was primarily fiberglass.

In mid-1976, the orbiter was utilised for ground vibration tests, permitting engineers to evaluate information from an actual flight automobile with theoretical models.

On September 17, 1976, Enterprise was rolled out of Rockwell’s plant at Palmdale, California. In recognition of its fictional namesake, Star Trek creator Gene Roddenberry and most of the principal cast of the original series of Star Trek had been on hand at the dedication ceremony.

Strategy and landing tests (ALT)

Main article: Strategy and Landing Tests

On January 31, 1977, it was taken by road to Dryden Flight Study Center at Edwards Air Force Base, to commence operational testing.

While at NASA Dryden, Enterprise was utilized by NASA for a variety of ground and flight tests intended to validate aspects of the shuttle system. The initial nine-month testing period was referred to by the acronym ALT, for &quotApproach and Landing Test&quot. These tests integrated a maiden &quotflight&quot on February 18, 1977 atop a Boeing 747 Shuttle Carrier Aircraft (SCA) to measure structural loads and ground handling and braking traits of the mated method. Ground tests of all orbiter subsystems had been carried out to confirm functionality prior to atmospheric flight.

The mated Enterprise/SCA combination was then subjected to 5 test flights with Enterprise unmanned and unactivated. The objective of these test flights was to measure the flight qualities of the mated mixture. These tests had been followed with three test flights with Enterprise manned to test the shuttle flight manage systems.

Enterprise underwent five totally free flights where the craft separated from the SCA and was landed beneath astronaut manage. These tests verified the flight qualities of the orbiter design and were carried out under a number of aerodynamic and weight configurations. On the fifth and final glider flight, pilot-induced oscillation difficulties had been revealed, which had to be addressed before the first orbital launch occurred.

On August 12, 1977, the space shuttle Enterprise flew on its personal for the 1st time.

Preparation for STS-1

Following the ALT plan, Enterprise was ferried among a number of NASA facilities to configure the craft for vibration testing. In June 1979, it was mated with an external tank and solid rocket boosters (known as a boilerplate configuration) and tested in a launch configuration at Kennedy Space Center Launch Pad 39A.

Retirement

With the completion of vital testing, Enterprise was partially disassembled to let certain elements to be reused in other shuttles, then underwent an international tour going to France, Germany, Italy, the United Kingdom, Canada, and the U.S. states of California, Alabama, and Louisiana (during the 1984 Louisiana Globe Exposition). It was also employed to match-verify the never ever-employed shuttle launch pad at Vandenberg AFB, California. Finally, on November 18, 1985, Enterprise was ferried to Washington, D.C., exactly where it became property of the Smithsonian Institution.

Post-Challenger

Right after the Challenger disaster, NASA regarded making use of Enterprise as a replacement. However refitting the shuttle with all of the essential equipment needed for it to be utilised in space was regarded as, but as an alternative it was decided to use spares constructed at the same time as Discovery and Atlantis to develop Endeavour.

Post-Columbia

In 2003, right after the breakup of Columbia in the course of re-entry, the Columbia Accident Investigation Board performed tests at Southwest Research Institute, which employed an air gun to shoot foam blocks of similar size, mass and speed to that which struck Columbia at a test structure which mechanically replicated the orbiter wing leading edge. They removed a fiberglass panel from Enterprise’s wing to perform analysis of the material and attached it to the test structure, then shot a foam block at it. Although the panel was not broken as a result of the test, the influence was enough to permanently deform a seal. As the reinforced carbon-carbon (RCC) panel on Columbia was 2.5 times weaker, this recommended that the RCC major edge would have been shattered. Additional tests on the fiberglass had been canceled in order not to threat damaging the test apparatus, and a panel from Discovery was tested to decide the effects of the foam on a similarly-aged RCC leading edge. On July 7, 2003, a foam effect test produced a hole 41&nbspcm by 42.five&nbspcm (16.1&nbspinches by 16.7&nbspinches) in the protective RCC panel. The tests clearly demonstrated that a foam impact of the variety Columbia sustained could seriously breach the protective RCC panels on the wing major edge.

The board determined that the probable lead to of the accident was that the foam influence triggered a breach of a reinforced carbon-carbon panel along the top edge of Columbia’s left wing, permitting hot gases generated in the course of re-entry to enter the wing and cause structural collapse. This brought on Columbia to spin out of handle, breaking up with the loss of the complete crew.

Museum exhibit

Enterprise was stored at the Smithsonian’s hangar at Washington Dulles International Airport prior to it was restored and moved to the newly constructed Smithsonian’s National Air and Space Museum‘s Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center at Dulles International Airport, where it has been the centerpiece of the space collection. On April 12, 2011, NASA announced that Space Shuttle Discovery, the most traveled orbiter in the fleet, will be added to the collection once the Shuttle fleet is retired. When that happens, Enterprise will be moved to the Intrepid Sea-Air-Space Museum in New York City, to a newly constructed hangar adjacent to the museum. In preparation for the anticipated relocation, engineers evaluated the automobile in early 2010 and determined that it was protected to fly on the Shuttle Carrier Aircraft once once more.

Cool Precision Machining Business images

Klarm Machining

Some cool precision machining organization images:

Image from page 525 of “Industrial history of the United States, from the earliest settlements to the present time: becoming a complete survey of American industries, embracing agriculture and horticulture including the cultivation of cotton, tobacco, wheat

Image by World wide web Archive Book Pictures
Identifier: industrialhistor00boll
Title: Industrial history of the United States, from the earliest settlements to the present time: becoming a total survey of American industries, embracing agriculture and horticulture including the cultivation of cotton, tobacco, wheat the raising of horses, neat-cattle, and so forth. all the critical manufactures, shipping and fisheries, railroads, mines and mining, and oil also a history of the coal-miners and the Molly Maguires banks, insurance, and commerce trade-unions, strikes, and eight-hour movement collectively with a description of Canadian industries
Year: 1878 (1870s)
Authors: Bolles, Albert Sidney, 1846-1939
Subjects: Industries Industries
Publisher: Norwich, Conn. : The Henry Bill pub. Firm
Contributing Library: Harold B. Lee Library
Digitizing Sponsor: Brigham Young University

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Text Appearing Prior to Image:
INDUSTRIAL HISTORY joints of all kinds. The operate is generally done in these machines by meansof chisels and saws. This class of machines has multiplied extremely Machineryfor makingsashes,blinds, anddoors. fast considering that 1861, and has concentrated in factories a large amount of operate which was formerly carried on by hand, and scattered farand wide among little shops. It has also tremendously lessened theart of production. The machines are all very basic, thoughfrequently very ingenious, and work with excellent precision. The framing, shap-ing, and panelling ofwindows, doors, andblinds, is now doneentirely by machine-ry and the applica-tion of mechanical la-bor in this industryhas gone so far, thateven the wire stapleswhich fasten the rodof the window – blindto the slats are alldriven by machine,and with incrediblespeed. If a machinewere invented tobrush on the greenpaint to the window-do in the constructionThat a device of that

Text Appearing After Image:
TWENTY-FOlR-INCH PLANER. blind, sash, or door, there would be nothing more toof these objects which could be completed by machine,character could be created is apparent each by the aid of the unassisted reasonand from the fact that England ex-hibited a painting-machine at Phila-delphia in 1876. It was, in fact, heronly wood-working machine shown. One of the comparatively current in-ventions is a set of machines for making Barrel- tne different parts Of bar- creating- rels. In these the stavesmachines. are sawed out, bent, jointed,and ready for the barrel, with scarce-ly the help of any hand-tool what ever. The heads of the barrels and the wooden hoops are also shaped by appro-Carving and priate inventions. There are also now in use machines for carving,engraving. engraving and portrait engines, lathes for cutting and boringspools, box-mortising-machines, stair-jointers, hub-boxing-machines, cork-

Note About Pictures
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Image from page 677 of “Railway mechanical engineer” (1916)

Image by Web Archive Book Photos
Identifier: railwaymechanica95newy
Title: Railway mechanical engineer
Year: 1916 (1910s)
Authors:
Subjects: Railroad engineering Engineering Railroads Railroad cars
Publisher: New York, N.Y. : Simmons-Boardman Pub. Co
Contributing Library: Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh
Digitizing Sponsor: Lyrasis Members and Sloan Foundation

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About This Book: Catalog Entry
View All Pictures: All Photos From Book

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Text Appearing Just before Image:
Fig. 1—Cross Section of a Set of V Pilot Packing slotted, the slots getting staggered to stop the escape ofsteam down the rod. The slots serve an additional useful purposeby retaining oil for the lubrication of the rod. A hasty glanceat Fig. 1 may give the impression that there are two pieces of metal instead of one particular, but on closer examination the V-shapeof the strong, white metal bar is apparent. V Pilot Packing has a resilient, pliable back, fitting itfor several makes use of for which purely metallic packing is not

Text Appearing After Image:
Fig. 2—View Showing Flexibility of New Packing adapted. Its intense flexibility, as shown in Fig. two, per-mits its use on tiny rods and gives simple and rapid ad-justment. This packing has successfully passed the experi-mental stage and demonstrated its worth by extended testsunder actual functioning situations, obtaining shown unusuallylong life and resultant economy. It has a wide variety of ap-plication and is utilized by railroads for air pumps, boiler feedpumps (steam and water ends), valve stems, throttle stems,energy reverse gear rods, stationary air compressors, steamengines, hot and cold water pumps, ammonia pumps, round-house washout pumps, energy plant feed water pumps, pump-ing station (steam or water glands), steam hammers.andmany other purposes. V Pilot Packing is supplied boxedand ready for quick service and is applied in the samemanner as ordinary fibrous packing. A New Precision Machine Alining Level THE Universal Boring Machine Organization, Hudson,Mass., has just placed on the m

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Please note that these pictures are extracted from scanned web page pictures that may have been digitally enhanced for readability – coloration and appearance of these illustrations could not completely resemble the original operate.

a979

Image by Providence Public Library
wc 556 factories and companies – Brown and Sharpe Manufacturing Organization – North Kingstown 1964 –
Machine tools, precision tools and guaging gear and hydraulic pumps are manufactured at this place

Cool Surface Grinding Manufacturer images

Cool Surface Grinding Manufacturer images

Klarm Machining

Verify out these surface grinding manufacturer images:

Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center: Space Shuttle Enterprise (port hatchway open)

Image by Chris Devers
See a lot more pictures of this, and the Wikipedia report.

Particulars, quoting from Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum | Space Shuttle Enterprise:

Manufacturer:
Rockwell International Corporation

Nation of Origin:
United States of America

Dimensions:
Overall: 57 ft. tall x 122 ft. extended x 78 ft. wing span, 150,000 lb.
(1737.36 x 3718.57 x 2377.44cm, 68039.6kg)

Materials:
Aluminum airframe and body with some fiberglass characteristics payload bay doors are graphite epoxy composite thermal tiles are simulated (polyurethane foam) except for test samples of actual tiles and thermal blankets.

The very first Space Shuttle orbiter, &quotEnterprise,&quot is a complete-scale test car employed for flights in the atmosphere and tests on the ground it is not equipped for spaceflight. Even though the airframe and flight handle components are like those of the Shuttles flown in space, this vehicle has no propulsion system and only simulated thermal tiles due to the fact these attributes had been not required for atmospheric and ground tests. &quotEnterprise&quot was rolled out at Rockwell International’s assembly facility in Palmdale, California, in 1976. In 1977, it entered service for a nine-month-extended method-and-landing test flight program. Thereafter it was used for vibration tests and fit checks at NASA centers, and it also appeared in the 1983 Paris Air Show and the 1984 World’s Fair in New Orleans. In 1985, NASA transferred &quotEnterprise&quot to the Smithsonian Institution’s National Air and Space Museum.

Transferred from National Aeronautics and Space Administration

• • •

Quoting from Wikipedia | Space Shuttle Enterprise:

The Space Shuttle Enterprise (NASA Orbiter Vehicle Designation: OV-101) was the 1st Space Shuttle orbiter. It was built for NASA as portion of the Space Shuttle plan to perform test flights in the atmosphere. It was constructed without having engines or a functional heat shield, and was therefore not capable of spaceflight.

Initially, Enterprise had been intended to be refitted for orbital flight, which would have made it the second space shuttle to fly following Columbia. Nonetheless, in the course of the building of Columbia, details of the final style changed, especially with regard to the weight of the fuselage and wings. Refitting Enterprise for spaceflight would have involved dismantling the orbiter and returning the sections to subcontractors across the country. As this was an expensive proposition, it was determined to be significantly less costly to develop Challenger about a body frame (STA-099) that had been produced as a test post. Similarly, Enterprise was regarded as for refit to replace Challenger after the latter was destroyed, but Endeavour was built from structural spares alternatively.

Service

Construction started on the 1st orbiter on June four, 1974. Designated OV-101, it was initially planned to be named Constitution and unveiled on Constitution Day, September 17, 1976. A create-in campaign by Trekkies to President Gerald Ford asked that the orbiter be named soon after the Starship Enterprise, featured on the tv show Star Trek. Although Ford did not mention the campaign, the president—who throughout World War II had served on the aircraft carrier USS&nbspMonterey&nbsp(CVL-26) that served with USS&nbspEnterprise&nbsp(CV-six)—said that he was &quotpartial to the name&quot and overrode NASA officials.

The style of OV-101 was not the identical as that planned for OV-102, the initial flight model the tail was constructed differently, and it did not have the interfaces to mount OMS pods. A big number of subsystems—ranging from major engines to radar equipment—were not installed on this vehicle, but the capacity to add them in the future was retained. Instead of a thermal protection technique, its surface was primarily fiberglass.

In mid-1976, the orbiter was used for ground vibration tests, permitting engineers to evaluate data from an actual flight automobile with theoretical models.

On September 17, 1976, Enterprise was rolled out of Rockwell’s plant at Palmdale, California. In recognition of its fictional namesake, Star Trek creator Gene Roddenberry and most of the principal cast of the original series of Star Trek were on hand at the dedication ceremony.

Approach and landing tests (ALT)

Major write-up: Strategy and Landing Tests

On January 31, 1977, it was taken by road to Dryden Flight Analysis Center at Edwards Air Force Base, to commence operational testing.

Whilst at NASA Dryden, Enterprise was employed by NASA for a selection of ground and flight tests intended to validate elements of the shuttle plan. The initial nine-month testing period was referred to by the acronym ALT, for &quotApproach and Landing Test&quot. These tests included a maiden &quotflight&quot on February 18, 1977 atop a Boeing 747 Shuttle Carrier Aircraft (SCA) to measure structural loads and ground handling and braking traits of the mated method. Ground tests of all orbiter subsystems had been carried out to confirm functionality prior to atmospheric flight.

The mated Enterprise/SCA mixture was then subjected to five test flights with Enterprise unmanned and unactivated. The objective of these test flights was to measure the flight traits of the mated mixture. These tests were followed with three test flights with Enterprise manned to test the shuttle flight handle systems.

Enterprise underwent five free flights exactly where the craft separated from the SCA and was landed beneath astronaut manage. These tests verified the flight traits of the orbiter design and style and have been carried out below numerous aerodynamic and weight configurations. On the fifth and final glider flight, pilot-induced oscillation issues had been revealed, which had to be addressed before the very first orbital launch occurred.

On August 12, 1977, the space shuttle Enterprise flew on its personal for the first time.

Preparation for STS-1

Following the ALT program, Enterprise was ferried amongst many NASA facilities to configure the craft for vibration testing. In June 1979, it was mated with an external tank and solid rocket boosters (identified as a boilerplate configuration) and tested in a launch configuration at Kennedy Space Center Launch Pad 39A.

Retirement

With the completion of essential testing, Enterprise was partially disassembled to permit particular elements to be reused in other shuttles, then underwent an international tour visiting France, Germany, Italy, the United Kingdom, Canada, and the U.S. states of California, Alabama, and Louisiana (during the 1984 Louisiana World Exposition). It was also utilised to match-verify the in no way-utilised shuttle launch pad at Vandenberg AFB, California. Finally, on November 18, 1985, Enterprise was ferried to Washington, D.C., where it became property of the Smithsonian Institution.

Post-Challenger

Right after the Challenger disaster, NASA considered using Enterprise as a replacement. However refitting the shuttle with all of the required gear necessary for it to be utilized in space was deemed, but as an alternative it was decided to use spares constructed at the exact same time as Discovery and Atlantis to build Endeavour.

Post-Columbia

In 2003, soon after the breakup of Columbia during re-entry, the Columbia Accident Investigation Board carried out tests at Southwest Analysis Institute, which employed an air gun to shoot foam blocks of related size, mass and speed to that which struck Columbia at a test structure which mechanically replicated the orbiter wing top edge. They removed a fiberglass panel from Enterprise’s wing to carry out analysis of the material and attached it to the test structure, then shot a foam block at it. Although the panel was not broken as a result of the test, the effect was sufficient to permanently deform a seal. As the reinforced carbon-carbon (RCC) panel on Columbia was two.five occasions weaker, this recommended that the RCC leading edge would have been shattered. Further tests on the fiberglass had been canceled in order not to risk damaging the test apparatus, and a panel from Discovery was tested to determine the effects of the foam on a similarly-aged RCC major edge. On July 7, 2003, a foam impact test produced a hole 41&nbspcm by 42.five&nbspcm (16.1&nbspinches by 16.7&nbspinches) in the protective RCC panel. The tests clearly demonstrated that a foam influence of the type Columbia sustained could seriously breach the protective RCC panels on the wing top edge.

The board determined that the probable cause of the accident was that the foam impact brought on a breach of a reinforced carbon-carbon panel along the major edge of Columbia’s left wing, allowing hot gases generated for the duration of re-entry to enter the wing and lead to structural collapse. This brought on Columbia to spin out of control, breaking up with the loss of the whole crew.

Museum exhibit

Enterprise was stored at the Smithsonian’s hangar at Washington Dulles International Airport ahead of it was restored and moved to the newly constructed Smithsonian’s National Air and Space Museum‘s Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center at Dulles International Airport, exactly where it has been the centerpiece of the space collection. On April 12, 2011, NASA announced that Space Shuttle Discovery, the most traveled orbiter in the fleet, will be added to the collection once the Shuttle fleet is retired. When that occurs, Enterprise will be moved to the Intrepid Sea-Air-Space Museum in New York City, to a newly constructed hangar adjacent to the museum. In preparation for the anticipated relocation, engineers evaluated the vehicle in early 2010 and determined that it was safe to fly on the Shuttle Carrier Aircraft as soon as once again.

Nice Id Od Grinding images

Nice Id Od Grinding images

Klarm Machining

Some cool id od grinding photos:

Image from page 383 of “S.A. mining and engineering journal” (1891)

Image by Net Archive Book Images
Identifier: p2saminingengine24joha
Title: S.A. mining and engineering journal
Year: 1891 (1890s)
Authors:
Subjects: Mineral industries Mining business and finance Mines and mineral resources
Publisher: Johannesburg
Contributing Library: Gerstein – University of Toronto
Digitizing Sponsor: University of Toronto

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Text Appearing Before Image:
run intoa chamber beneath or close to the pan, which chamberis partly filled with a chemical absorbent prepara-ti(jn, and combining with the preparation therebyforms A Perfectly PURE, ODOURLESSSOLID, c.r by other means treated and allowed toflow away pure. The foe.al matter in the pan isautomatically coyered with a chemically preparedash, rendering it completely odouiless, and can behoisted to the surface and carted awav in opencarts in the course of the daytime. Tlie system itself is far superior to any otherdry earth technique, and has been largely ADOPTEDBY THE SOUTH AFRICAN RAILWAYS andby the NEW SOUTH WALES GOVERNMENTFOR ALL BUILDINGS where no sewerage schemeis in use. also by A lot of Leading PUBLICGENTLEMEN OF SOUTH AFRICA. In sim-plicity, cleanliness, and comfort it is far aheadof present practice. Mr. DITCHFIELD will be pleased to enter inf,iSpecial Arrangements with Mines, Municipal andother Public Bodies, and, on application, will fur-nish estimates, and, if required, styles for theinstallati

Text Appearing After Image:
SECTION showing Hopper andGearing in position whilst in Slli:ri7Zi,rS2,tt.o«S: Box 54O8, Telephone No. 5649, JOHANNESBURG, J.,li:mntsi)mo, Might 8, 1915. THE K(JUTH AFRICAN MIXIX(} JOUKXAL. Mine Security, Sanitation, and Welfare Bulletin. THE PREVENTION OF ACCIDENTS FROM FALLS OF ROCK. IN rRRr&ampLi ?R SHOOTS chimneys vn pockfts I f 1 I o tr, a regards ace dents from so f I 1 fill r)RirTiN( h foil pir g phs ITINC MTlIOI T TnrPI RI( eable to lack I 1 ledpe of t m f fie ground and 1 If f 1 o n 1 er does nor cannot elo t table m n nff I 1 S 1 h n the lod of foot a1 be c If ■ 1 ard and the1 When the The setI ng si ould 1 rf&gt o sto) es nho 1 I not be 1 11 1 rant n 1 loo o 1 1 1 1 1 II 1 lo lacl a d Side Ihe , 111 1 dorl a 1 stop g some fo of br t 1 t, 1 ch oi e stoj cs are loft 1 1 d tl ho 1 r of the o I n- orl od 1 1 Id 1 e p orl 1 f loo ocl MIMNC IN LRGF ORl BODHhS In 1 mv ore bodies. vhere the ore is of medium hardnos.s or soft- lous metho&ltIs of mining are utilized, de

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Please note that these photos are extracted from scanned web page images that might have been digitally enhanced for readability – coloration and appearance of these illustrations might not perfectly resemble the original work.

Good Health-related Element Companies images

Good Health-related Element Companies images

Klarm Machining

A few nice health-related component companies images I discovered:

Windsor, Ontario

Image by Ken Lund
Windsor, Ontario is the southernmost city in Canada. It is situated on the southern shore of the Detroit River, straight across the river from Detroit, Michigan. Windsor is a key contributor to Canada’s automotive business and has a lot to provide by means of a storied history and a diverse culture.

Prior to European exploration and settlement, the Windsor location was inhabited by the First Nations and Native Americans. Windsor was settled by the French in 1749 as an agricultural settlement. It is the oldest continually inhabited European settlement in Canada west of Montreal.

Windsor’s French Canadian heritage is reflected in many French street names, such as Ouellette, Pelissier, François, Pierre, Langlois, Marentette, and Lauzon. The existing street system of Windsor (a grid with elongated blocks) reflects the Canadien strategy of agricultural land division, exactly where the farms were long and narrow, fronting along the river. Nowadays, the north-south street name frequently indicates the name of the household that at one particular time farmed the land where the street is now positioned. The street program of outlying regions is consistent with the British program for granting land concessions. There is a considerable French-speaking minority in Windsor and the surrounding region, specifically in the Lakeshore, Tecumseh and LaSalle places.

In 1794, following the American Revolution, the settlement of &quotSandwich&quot was founded. It was later renamed Windsor, soon after the town in Berkshire, England. The Sandwich neighbourhood on Windsor’s west side is home to some of the oldest buildings in the city, including Mackenzie Hall, initially constructed as the Essex County Courthouse in 1855. Today, this constructing functions as a community centre. The oldest building in the city is the Duff-Child House built in 1792. It is owned by Ontario Heritage Trust and houses government offices. The François Baby Home in downtown Windsor was built in 1812 and homes Windsor’s Neighborhood Museum, devoted to local history.

The City of Windsor was the internet site of the Battle of Windsor in the course of the Upper Canada Rebellion in 1838. It was also a component of the Patriot War, later that year.

Ouellette Avenue is the historic principal industrial street in downtown Windsor. It runs north-south, perpendicular to the Detroit River, and divides the city into east and west sections. Roads that cross Ouellette Avenue incorporate the directional components East and West after their names. Address numbers on east-west roads in Windsor improve by 100 for every block travelled away from Ouellette Avenue and address numbers on north-south roads improve by 100 for each and every block travelled away from the Detroit River. In places where the river curves, some numbers on north-south roads are skipped. For consistency across the city, all address numbers on north-south roads reset at either 600, for streets west of Walker road, or 800 for these to the east, where the road crosses Wyandotte Street (which roughly parallels the Detroit River).

Windsor’s economy is mainly based on manufacturing, tourism, education, and government solutions.

The city is one particular of Canada’s significant automobile manufacturing centres and is residence to the headquarters of FCA Canada. Automotive facilities consist of the FCA Canada minivan assembly plant, two Ford Motor Firm engine plants, and numerous tool and die and automotive parts companies.

Windsor has a properly-established tourism sector. Caesars Windsor, one particular of the largest casinos in Canada, ranks as a single of the largest regional employers. It has been a main draw for U.S. guests since opening in 1994 (as Casino Windsor). Further, the 1,150-kilometre (710 mi) Quebec City – Windsor Corridor contains 18 million individuals, with 51% of the Canadian population and 3 out of the 5 largest metropolitan areas, according to the 2011 Census.

The city has an extensive riverfront parks program and fine restaurants, such as those on Erie Street in Windsor’s Tiny Italy named &quotVia Italia&quot, yet another well-known tourist location. The Lake Erie North Shore Wine Region in Essex County has enhanced tourism in the region.

Both the University of Windsor and St. Clair College are substantial nearby employers and have enjoyed substantial development and expansion in current years. The recent addition of a full-system satellite health-related college of the University of Western Ontario, which opened in 2008 at the University of Windsor is further enhancing the region’s economy and the status of the university. In 2013, the university completed building of a 2 million facility for its Faculty of Engineering.

Windsor is the headquarters of Hiram Walker &amp Sons Limited, now owned by Pernod Ricard. Its historic distillery was founded by Hiram Walker in 1858 in what was then Walkerville, Ontario.

The diversifying economy is also represented by firms involved in pharmaceuticals, option energy, insurance, internet and software program. Windsor is also home to the Windsor Salt Mine and the Wonderful Lakes Regional workplace of the International Joint Commission.
Windsor was recently listed as the quantity two big city for financial potential in North-America and number 7 massive city of the future in North America according to the FDI North-American cities of the future list. (American Cities of the Future 2011/12)

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windsor,_Ontario

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_Creative_Commons_…

Windsor, Ontario

Image by Ken Lund
Windsor, Ontario is the southernmost city in Canada. It is positioned on the southern shore of the Detroit River, directly across the river from Detroit, Michigan. Windsor is a major contributor to Canada’s automotive business and has significantly to supply by means of a storied history and a diverse culture.

Prior to European exploration and settlement, the Windsor region was inhabited by the Very first Nations and Native Americans. Windsor was settled by the French in 1749 as an agricultural settlement. It is the oldest continually inhabited European settlement in Canada west of Montreal.

Windsor’s French Canadian heritage is reflected in a lot of French street names, such as Ouellette, Pelissier, François, Pierre, Langlois, Marentette, and Lauzon. The existing street program of Windsor (a grid with elongated blocks) reflects the Canadien technique of agricultural land division, where the farms have been extended and narrow, fronting along the river. These days, the north-south street name usually indicates the name of the loved ones that at one particular time farmed the land exactly where the street is now located. The street method of outlying regions is consistent with the British program for granting land concessions. There is a important French-speaking minority in Windsor and the surrounding area, specifically in the Lakeshore, Tecumseh and LaSalle places.

In 1794, following the American Revolution, the settlement of &quotSandwich&quot was founded. It was later renamed Windsor, right after the town in Berkshire, England. The Sandwich neighbourhood on Windsor’s west side is property to some of the oldest buildings in the city, like Mackenzie Hall, originally constructed as the Essex County Courthouse in 1855. These days, this creating functions as a community centre. The oldest building in the city is the Duff-Child House constructed in 1792. It is owned by Ontario Heritage Trust and homes government offices. The François Infant House in downtown Windsor was constructed in 1812 and houses Windsor’s Community Museum, devoted to regional history.

The City of Windsor was the site of the Battle of Windsor in the course of the Upper Canada Rebellion in 1838. It was also a part of the Patriot War, later that year.

Ouellette Avenue is the historic primary commercial street in downtown Windsor. It runs north-south, perpendicular to the Detroit River, and divides the city into east and west sections. Roads that cross Ouellette Avenue incorporate the directional elements East and West right after their names. Address numbers on east-west roads in Windsor improve by one hundred for every single block travelled away from Ouellette Avenue and address numbers on north-south roads increase by 100 for each block travelled away from the Detroit River. In regions where the river curves, some numbers on north-south roads are skipped. For consistency across the city, all address numbers on north-south roads reset at either 600, for streets west of Walker road, or 800 for these to the east, where the road crosses Wyandotte Street (which roughly parallels the Detroit River).

Windsor’s economy is mostly primarily based on manufacturing, tourism, education, and government services.

The city is one particular of Canada’s significant automobile manufacturing centres and is residence to the headquarters of FCA Canada. Automotive facilities contain the FCA Canada minivan assembly plant, two Ford Motor Business engine plants, and several tool and die and automotive parts producers.

Windsor has a properly-established tourism sector. Caesars Windsor, one particular of the biggest casinos in Canada, ranks as a single of the largest nearby employers. It has been a main draw for U.S. visitors considering that opening in 1994 (as Casino Windsor). Additional, the 1,150-kilometre (710 mi) Quebec City – Windsor Corridor contains 18 million people, with 51% of the Canadian population and 3 out of the 5 largest metropolitan places, according to the 2011 Census.

The city has an in depth riverfront parks program and fine restaurants, such as those on Erie Street in Windsor’s Small Italy referred to as &quotVia Italia&quot, yet another common tourist location. The Lake Erie North Shore Wine Region in Essex County has enhanced tourism in the area.

Each the University of Windsor and St. Clair College are significant regional employers and have enjoyed substantial development and expansion in current years. The recent addition of a full-program satellite medical college of the University of Western Ontario, which opened in 2008 at the University of Windsor is additional enhancing the region’s economy and the status of the university. In 2013, the university completed building of a 2 million facility for its Faculty of Engineering.

Windsor is the headquarters of Hiram Walker &amp Sons Restricted, now owned by Pernod Ricard. Its historic distillery was founded by Hiram Walker in 1858 in what was then Walkerville, Ontario.

The diversifying economy is also represented by firms involved in pharmaceuticals, alternative energy, insurance coverage, net and software. Windsor is also property to the Windsor Salt Mine and the Great Lakes Regional office of the International Joint Commission.
Windsor was not too long ago listed as the number two big city for economic possible in North-America and quantity 7 big city of the future in North America according to the FDI North-American cities of the future list. (American Cities of the Future 2011/12)

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windsor,_Ontario

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_Inventive_Commons_…

Steve, Windsor, Ontario

Image by Ken Lund
Windsor, Ontario is the southernmost city in Canada. It is situated on the southern shore of the Detroit River, straight across the river from Detroit, Michigan. Windsor is a significant contributor to Canada’s automotive sector and has significantly to supply by means of a storied history and a diverse culture.

Prior to European exploration and settlement, the Windsor area was inhabited by the 1st Nations and Native Americans. Windsor was settled by the French in 1749 as an agricultural settlement. It is the oldest continually inhabited European settlement in Canada west of Montreal.

Windsor’s French Canadian heritage is reflected in many French street names, such as Ouellette, Pelissier, François, Pierre, Langlois, Marentette, and Lauzon. The current street program of Windsor (a grid with elongated blocks) reflects the Canadien strategy of agricultural land division, exactly where the farms had been long and narrow, fronting along the river. Nowadays, the north-south street name usually indicates the name of the household that at one time farmed the land where the street is now located. The street program of outlying locations is consistent with the British method for granting land concessions. There is a significant French-speaking minority in Windsor and the surrounding location, particularly in the Lakeshore, Tecumseh and LaSalle regions.

In 1794, following the American Revolution, the settlement of &quotSandwich&quot was founded. It was later renamed Windsor, following the town in Berkshire, England. The Sandwich neighbourhood on Windsor’s west side is residence to some of the oldest buildings in the city, which includes Mackenzie Hall, initially built as the Essex County Courthouse in 1855. Today, this building functions as a community centre. The oldest building in the city is the Duff-Infant Home built in 1792. It is owned by Ontario Heritage Trust and houses government offices. The François Infant Property in downtown Windsor was built in 1812 and homes Windsor’s Neighborhood Museum, dedicated to nearby history.

The City of Windsor was the website of the Battle of Windsor in the course of the Upper Canada Rebellion in 1838. It was also a element of the Patriot War, later that year.

Ouellette Avenue is the historic main commercial street in downtown Windsor. It runs north-south, perpendicular to the Detroit River, and divides the city into east and west sections. Roads that cross Ouellette Avenue include the directional elements East and West following their names. Address numbers on east-west roads in Windsor boost by 100 for each and every block travelled away from Ouellette Avenue and address numbers on north-south roads improve by one hundred for each and every block travelled away from the Detroit River. In areas exactly where the river curves, some numbers on north-south roads are skipped. For consistency across the city, all address numbers on north-south roads reset at either 600, for streets west of Walker road, or 800 for these to the east, where the road crosses Wyandotte Street (which roughly parallels the Detroit River).

Windsor’s economy is mostly based on manufacturing, tourism, education, and government solutions.

The city is 1 of Canada’s main automobile manufacturing centres and is house to the headquarters of FCA Canada. Automotive facilities incorporate the FCA Canada minivan assembly plant, two Ford Motor Company engine plants, and numerous tool and die and automotive parts makers.

Windsor has a nicely-established tourism sector. Caesars Windsor, one of the largest casinos in Canada, ranks as one of the biggest nearby employers. It has been a significant draw for U.S. guests considering that opening in 1994 (as Casino Windsor). Additional, the 1,150-kilometre (710 mi) Quebec City – Windsor Corridor consists of 18 million men and women, with 51% of the Canadian population and three out of the 5 biggest metropolitan regions, according to the 2011 Census.

The city has an in depth riverfront parks program and fine restaurants, such as those on Erie Street in Windsor’s Small Italy referred to as &quotVia Italia&quot, another common tourist destination. The Lake Erie North Shore Wine Area in Essex County has enhanced tourism in the region.

Both the University of Windsor and St. Clair College are substantial nearby employers and have enjoyed substantial growth and expansion in current years. The current addition of a full-program satellite healthcare school of the University of Western Ontario, which opened in 2008 at the University of Windsor is further enhancing the region’s economy and the status of the university. In 2013, the university completed building of a 2 million facility for its Faculty of Engineering.

Windsor is the headquarters of Hiram Walker &amp Sons Restricted, now owned by Pernod Ricard. Its historic distillery was founded by Hiram Walker in 1858 in what was then Walkerville, Ontario.

The diversifying economy is also represented by companies involved in pharmaceuticals, option power, insurance coverage, internet and application. Windsor is also house to the Windsor Salt Mine and the Great Lakes Regional office of the International Joint Commission.
Windsor was not too long ago listed as the number two big city for financial prospective in North-America and quantity 7 massive city of the future in North America according to the FDI North-American cities of the future list. (American Cities of the Future 2011/12)

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windsor,_Ontario

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_Inventive_Commons_…

Cool Turning Elements images

Cool Turning Elements images

Klarm Machining

A couple of good turning components photos I found:

“The Companion” By Bulova Model-206 Portable AM Tube Radio

Image by Andrew Pilling
This Teal Blue &quotCompanion&quot by Bulova transportable AM radio, model 206 was a good (curbside) uncover. The physique was in fairly very good condition, so I opened the back of the radio and noticed that the two (ancient) D batteries have been corroded and brought on mild staining with no apparent harm to the interior. I also noticed that one particular of the four vacuum tubes, a (1U5) tube was MIA. Right after a appear-see in the tube bible which informed me that there were comparable tubes with different pin allocations but, there weren’t any identical substitution tubes. I was in a position to locate and replace the (1u5) vacuum tube. Subsequent without having performing any type of tests, I rolled the dice and turned it on. &quotEUREKA&quot as soon as again an additional roadside discover started up and worked, then the inevitably dreaded (par for the course) obligatorily telltale HUM of all HUMS became really apparent. So I turned on and warmed up my favorite and trustworthy VTVM-voltmeter (the Hewlett Packard 410B). With voltmeter probes in hands, I went appropriate to the usual suspect, The infamous electrolytic filter capacitor. It was shot so I left it in place, being that they are a Royal discomfort on my patience to desolder, take away, disassemble and gut out the filter caps fragile cylindrical cardboard housing to be stuffed with three new electrolytic capacitors, then reassemble and solder the component back into location, So I performed a bypass using 3 new e-caps, carefully tucking them inside of the tightly cramped beneath carriage of the chassis. I turned it on and the HUM was no longer noticeable, &quotVOILA&quot it functions. This Bulova &quotCompanion&quot portable radio will be a nice addition to my collection.

Google’s Master Program

Image by jurvetson
The Master Strategy has several paths. Some turn to the dark side of Skynet, and most lead to user happiness…

(Text is a lot more readable at full size, or subsequent frame)

Laboratorium Solaris: back into action

Image by Sergei Golyshev (reloaded 🙂
06.01.2015, 11:45 (UT+3), clear cold winter day, -17&degC, the Sun is eight&deg above horizont and looks like as if being observed by way of the flowing water.

The image looks satifactory at 500 pix size.

WARNING! Sun is hazardous, use suitable filters for observing and imaging!

Canon 60Da by way of BP Hyperion Zoom eight-24 mm eyepiece on Coronado PST more than photo-tripod.
Aperture 40 mm
Native focal length 400 mm
Projection focal length 24 mm
Television = 1/200 s
Av ~f/20
ISO 200
Capturing application: NA
Exposures: 7 out of 28 (poor seeing, extremely poor). RAW pictures were converted into monochrome and adjusted for some more contrast in Canon DPP and exported as 16 bit TIFF. Each and every frame was calibrated with master dark made of median of 10 dark frames and master bias produced in the same way from 20 offset frames.
Master calibration frames, substraction and pre-alignment had been made in ImageJ.
Frames were analysed and stacked in Autostakkert2! 2.3.021alpha (specially for stacking H&alpha photos, ha-ha :), resulting image was subjected to Richardson-Lucy deconvolution (Cauchy type PSF, 3,six units, 7 iterations) and was sent to Photoshop for &quotcreative&quot clean-up, downsampling and coloration.

Note: this is quick exposure image, so the red channel dominates, which is right. But I have followed the effortless way of turning raw images into monochrome in raw converter. This algorithm behaves like as if it makes a sum of all channels and somehow weights the contribution of red and blue in relation to green. But green channel includes largely its personal noise and other junk elements. Perhaps it really is greater to not to do this, but extract red from color image and then down-sample it ,5x to smooth de-Baeyring artifacts? Hmm…

Good Wire Cutting Solutions images

Good Wire Cutting Solutions images

Klarm Machining

Check out these wire cutting services photos:

Image from web page 365 of “Breeder and sportsman” (1882)

Image by Web Archive Book Images
Identifier: breedersportsma501907sanf
Title: Breeder and sportsman
Year: 1882 (1880s)
Authors:
Subjects: Horses
Publisher: San Francisco, Calif. : [s.n.]
Contributing Library: San Francisco Public Library
Digitizing Sponsor: California State Library Califa/LSTA Grant

View Book Page: Book Viewer
About This Book: Catalog Entry
View All Photos: All Pictures From Book

Click here to view book on the web to see this illustration in context in a browseable online version of this book.

Text Appearing Before Image:
racehorses. His dam, Helena, 1 of the fastestand gamest daughters of Electioneer, the greatest sire of trotters the globe has yet•known. His second.dam. Lady Ellen, was one of the best of her day, and as well asJier daughter Helena is a great broodmare. SERVICE PEE for Season of 1907, usual return privilege. MENDOCINO and McKENA will make the season at PALO ALTO STOCKPARM. Mares might run on pasture at .50 per month. No responsibility assumedby the Palo Alto Stock Farm for injury or escapes. Address all communications to PALO ALTO STOCK PARM, Stanford University, Santa Clara Co., CaL THE GREATSPEED SIRE. LYNWOOD W. 32853 Sire of the only two trotters that ever trotted a mile much better than 2:07% on thePacific Coast.) Sire of these two sensational trotters Sonoma Girl 2:07 (mat.), trial2:05 CharleyBelden two:08^. trial 2:06^. Besides he is the sire of a number of morein the list. Terras— for tne Season of 1907. H. A. CARLTON, Santa Rosa, Cal. CAMPBELLS EMOLLICIODOFORM GALL REMEDY

Text Appearing After Image:
For GALL BACKS and SHOULDERS,CRUPPER SORES and SADDLE GALLSthere is none superior. The horse CAN BE WORKED ASUSUAL. For BARBED WIRE CUTS, CALKS.SCRATCHES. Blood Poisoned SORES,ABRASIONS of the SKIN it has noequal. Its use will completely prevent BloodPoisoning. We placed it on the marketrelying wholly on its merit for good results.The sales of 1906 were 100 per centgreater than the aggregate sales ofGall Remedy preceding that year. Thisincrease was completely due to its MERITS,and it is THE GALL REMEDY OF THE20th CENTURY. It is quick and positive for those difficulty-some skin cracks beneath the fetlockwhich injure and often lay up racehorses. Assured below the Pood and DrugsAct, June 30, 1906. Serial Number 1219. All Trainers Should Maintain it in Their Stables. PRICE—25c, 50c and .00 i Read our ad. on Campbells Horse Foot Remedy in next problem of this paper) Jas. B Campbell &amp Co., Makers, 418 W. Madison St., Chicago, Illinois i by all dealers in Harness and Turf Goods. Tf not in stock

Note About Images
Please note that these photos are extracted from scanned web page pictures that might have been digitally enhanced for readability – coloration and appearance of these illustrations may possibly not perfectly resemble the original perform.

Cool Id Od Grinding images

Cool Id Od Grinding images

Klarm Machining

Some cool id od grinding images:

Image from page 951 of “The Gardeners’ Chronicle and Agricultural Gazette” (1863)

Image by World wide web Archive Book Images
Identifier: gardenerschronic1863unse
Title: The Gardeners’ Chronicle and Agricultural Gazette
Year: 1863 (1860s)
Authors:
Subjects: Ornamental horticulture Horticulture Plants, ornamental
Publisher: London: Published for the Proprietors
Contributing Library: Pennsylvania Horticultural Society, McLean Library
Digitizing Sponsor: LYRASIS Members and Sloan Foundation

View Book Page: Book Viewer
About This Book: Catalog Entry
View All Photos: All Pictures From Book

Click right here to view book online to see this illustration in context in a browseable on-line version of this book.

Text Appearing Prior to Image:
ICES, viz. — 2 In. 3 111. four Id. 12s. 6d. 16s, 6d. i 20s. Od. j Upwards of 4000 of the Patent Valves are Tiaion use and giving We greatest satisfaction. John BeOe can also provide large auantities of his Improved THEOTTLE VAIVES on the shortest notice. JOHN BECK, PATENTEE AND MANUFACTUEEB OF EVERT DESCRIPTION OF GAS, WATER, aud STEAM FITTINGS,FIRE COCKS, WATER CLOSETS, And so forth. PATENT VALVE Operates AND SANITARY DEPOT Great SUFFOLK STREET, LONDON, S.E. HOT-WATER PIPES, at Lowered Wholesale Costs,■with Elbows, Syphons, Tee Pipes, and each and every other con-nection : Wrought and Cast-iron BoUers, Saddle, Conical,Cylinder, Tdbular, aud Elliptic, from 24s. each and every. ImprovedBoilers and Iron Stands to use with out brickwork, 5Cs. each and every.Valves from 10s. 6d. each. Patent Valves, Enhanced FurnaceDoors, Furnace Bars, Provide Cisterns, and Biiilders* Castingsof every description in stock, at Mr. Lynch Whites Iron WUarf, Upper Ground Street,BlackfrLirs Bridge, London, S. Price tag List on appHcation. RIDDELLSCOTTAGE

Text Appearing Soon after Image:
PATENT SLOW-COMBUSTIONBOILER for HEATING CONSERVATO-RIES. ENTRANCE HALLS, BATHS,&ampc., by the Circulation of Hot Water. Requires no brickwork setting willkeep in action from 12 to IS hours with-out consideration, at an expense of about Zd.per day. Is perfectly safe, needs noadditional building, and may be noticed inoperation day-to-day at the Patentees Warehouse, 155, Cheapside,London, E.G. Price tag full from Zl. lOa. Illustrated Prospectus free of charge, and Esti-mates ready for Erecting Hot-WatarApparatus of any magnitude. G. MESSENGEK, HoeticitltuealBtriLDEE and Engineer, Loughborough. T. G. M.a PATENTED BUILDINGScombine all the contemporary improvements,are most effectually ventilated by meansof his unequalled Apparatus, can bemade either plain (and which are at thesame time elegant in appearance), or ofthe most elaborate design. They canbe fixed as permanent buildings, ormade to be transportable. T. G. M.s HEATING APPARATUScontinues to give the greatest satisfac-tion for its heating qualities and smal

Note About Photos
Please note that these photos are extracted from scanned page photos that might have been digitally enhanced for readability – coloration and look of these illustrations may not completely resemble the original perform.

Good Internal Grinding images

Good Internal Grinding images

Klarm Machining

Some cool internal grinding photos:

Side view of the Jaguar E-Sort V12 convertible with the best down

Image by Chris Devers
Quoting from Wikipedia: Jaguar E-Type:

• • • • •

The Jaguar E-Sort (UK) or XK-E (US) is a British automobile manufactured by Jaguar among 1961 and 1974. Its combination of good appears, high performance, and competitive pricing established the marque as an icon of 1960s motoring. A wonderful achievement for Jaguar, more than seventy thousand E-Sorts have been sold throughout its lifespan.

In March 2008, the Jaguar E-Kind ranked very first in Day-to-day Telegraph list of the &quot100 most stunning vehicles&quot of all time.[two] In 2004, Sports Auto International magazine placed the E-Type at quantity one on their list of Best Sports Cars of the 1960s.

Contents

• 1 Overview
• two Notion versions
•• two.1 E1A (1957)
•• two.2 E2A (1960)
• 3 Production versions
•• 3.1 Series 1 (1961-1968)
•• three.2 Series 2 (1969-1971)
•• 3.three Series 3 (1971-1975)
• four Restricted edtions
•• 4.1 Low Drag Coupé (1962)
•• four.2 Lightweight E-Type (1963-1964)
• 5 Motor Sport
• six See also
• 7 References
• 8 External links

Overview

The E-Type was initially developed and shown to the public as a grand tourer in two-seater coupé type (FHC or Fixed Head Coupé) and as convertible (OTS or Open Two Seater). The 2+2 version with a lengthened wheelbase was released numerous years later.

On its release Enzo Ferrari referred to as it &quotThe most stunning car ever made&quot.

The model was produced in 3 distinct versions which are now normally referred to as &quotSeries 1&quot, &quotSeries two&quot and &quotSeries three&quot. A transitional series among Series 1 and Series 2 is identified unofficially as &quotSeries 1½&quot.

In addition, numerous restricted-edition variants had been developed:

• The &quot’Lightweight’ E-Type&quot which was apparently intended as a sort of adhere to-up to the D-Sort. Jaguar planned to make 18 units but eventually only a dozen had been reportedly constructed. Of these, 1 is identified to have been destroyed and two others have been converted to coupé kind. These are exceedingly rare and sought following by collectors.
• The &quotLow Drag Coupé&quot was a 1-off technical exercising which was in the end sold to a Jaguar racing driver. It is presently believed to be portion of the private collection of the current Viscount Cowdray.

Notion versions

E1A (1957)

Soon after their accomplishment at LeMans 24 hr by means of the 1950s Jaguars defunct racing department were provided the short to use D-Sort style construction to develop a road going sports vehicle, replacing the XK150.

It is suspected that the very first prototype (E1A) was offered the code based on: (E): The proposed production name E-Sort (1): Initial Prototype (A): Aluminium construction (Production models utilized steel bodies)

The car featured a monocoque design, Jaguar’s completely independent rear suspension and the nicely proved &quotXK&quot engine.

The auto was utilized solely for factory testings and was by no means formally released to the public. The auto was eventually scrapped by the factory

E2A (1960)

Jaguar’s second E-Sort idea was E2A which unlike E1A was constructed from a steel chassis and utilized a aluminium physique. This auto was completed as a race car as it was thought by Jaguar at the time it would supply a greater testing ground.

E2A utilised a 3 litre version of the XK engine with a Lucas fuel injection system.

Soon after retiring from the LeMans 24 hr the vehicle was shipped to America to be used for racing by Jaguar privateer Briggs Cunningham.

In 1961 the car returned to Jaguar in England to be utilised as a testing mule.

Ownership of E2A passed to Roger Woodley (Jaguars consumer competitors automobile manager) who took possession on the basis the car not be employed for racing. E2A had been scheduled to be scrapped.

Roger’s wife Penny Griffiths owned E2A till 2008 when it was offered for sale at Bonham’s Quail Auction. Sale cost was US.five million

Production versions

Series 1 (1961-1968)

Series I

• Production
1961–1968[3] [4]

• Body style(s)
two-door coupe
two-door 2+two coupe
2-door convertible

• Engine(s)
3.8 L XK I6
four.two L XK I6

• Wheelbase
96. in (2438 mm) (FHC / OTS)
105. in (2667 mm) (two+two) [five]

• Length
175.3125 in (4453 mm) (FHC / OTS)
184.4375 in (4685 mm) (2+2) [five]

• Width
65.25 in (1657 mm) (all) [5]

• Height
48.125 in (1222 mm) (FHC)
50.125 in (1273 mm) (two+two)
46.five in (1181 mm) (OTS)[five]

• Curb weight
2,900 lb (1,315 kg) (FHC)
two,770 lb (1,256 kg) (OTS)
3,090 lb (1,402 kg) (two+two) [six]

• Fuel capacity
63.64 L (16.eight US gal 14. imp gal)[five]

The Series 1 was introduced, initially for export only, in March 1961. The domestic industry launch came four months later in July 1961.[7] The vehicles at this time employed the triple SU carburetted 3.eight litre 6-cylinder Jaguar XK6 engine from the XK150S. The initial 500 automobiles built had flat floors and external hood (bonnet) latches. These vehicles are uncommon and far more worthwhile. Following that, the floors had been dished to offer a lot more leg area and the twin hood latches moved to inside the vehicle. The three.eight litre engine was increased to four.2 litres in October 1964.[7]

All E-Kinds featured independent coil spring rear suspension with torsion bar front ends, and four wheel disc brakes, in-board at the rear, all were power-assisted. Jaguar was a single of the initial auto makers to equip vehicles with disc brakes as standard from the XK150 in 1958. The Series 1 can be recognised by glass covered headlights (up to 1967), modest &quotmouth&quot opening at the front, signal lights and tail-lights above bumpers and exhaust suggestions under the licence plate in the rear.

3.8 litre cars have leather-upholstered bucket seats, an aluminium-trimmed centre instrument panel and console (changed to vinyl and leather in 1963), and a Moss four-speed gearbox that lacks synchromesh for 1st gear (&quotMoss box&quot). four.two litre vehicles have far more comfy seats, improved brakes and electrical systems, and an all-synchromesh four-speed gearbox. 4.2 litre cars also have a badge on the boot proclaiming &quotJaguar 4.two Litre E-Kind&quot (three.8 vehicles have a easy &quotJaguar&quot badge). Optional extras integrated chrome spoked wheels and a detachable challenging leading for the OTS.

An original E-Sort difficult best is extremely uncommon, and discovering one particular intact with all the chrome, not to mention original paint in decent situation, is rather challenging. For those who want a hardtop and are not fussy over no matter whether or not it is an original from Jaguar, a number of third parties have recreated the hardtop to practically exact specifications. The expense ranges anywhere from double to triple the cost of a canvas/vinyl soft leading.

A two+2 version of the coupé was added in 1966. The two+two provided the alternative of an automatic transmission. The body is 9 in (229 mm) longer and the roof angles are various with a much more vertical windscreen. The roadster remained a strict two-seater.

There was a transitional series of cars constructed in 1967-68, unofficially known as &quotSeries 1½&quot, which are externally similar to Series 1 cars. Due to American pressure the new features were open headlights, diverse switches, and some de-tuning (with a downgrade of twin Zenith-Stromberg carbs from the original triple SU carbs) for US models. Some Series 1½ vehicles also have twin cooling fans and adjustable seat backs. Series 2 characteristics were gradually introduced into the Series 1, producing the unofficial Series 1½ cars, but constantly with the Series 1 body style.

Much less widely known, there was also correct at the end of Series 1 production and prior to the transitional &quotSeries 1½&quot referred to above, a very little quantity of Series 1 automobiles produced with open headlights.[eight] These are sometimes referred to as &quotSeries 1¼&quot cars.[9] Production dates on these machines vary but in correct hand drive form production has been verified as late as March 1968.[10] It is thought that the low quantity of these automobiles developed relative to the other Series make them amongst the rarest of all production E Types.

An open 3.eight litre vehicle, in fact the initial such production auto to be completed, was tested by the British magazine The Motor in 1961 and had a top speed of 149.1 mph (240. km/h) and could accelerate from -60 mph (97 km/h) in 7.1 seconds. A fuel consumption of 21.3 miles per imperial gallon (13.three L/100 km 17.7 mpg-US) was recorded. The test vehicle expense £2097 such as taxes.[11]

Production numbers from Graham[12]:

• 15,490 three.8s
• 17,320 4.2s
• ten,930 two+2s

Production numbers from xkedata.com[13]: [omitted — Flickr doesn’t permit tables]

Series 2 (1969-1971)

Series II

• Production
1969–1971[three] [4]

• Physique style(s)
two-door coupe
2-door two+two coupe
two-door convertible

• Engine(s)
four.two L XK I6

• Curb weight
3,018 lb (1,369 kg) (FHC)
two,750 lb (1,247 kg) (OTS)
three,090 lb (1,402 kg) (2+two) [six]

Open headlights without glass covers, a wrap-around rear bumper, re-positioned and larger front indicators and taillights below the bumpers, far better cooling aided by an enlarged &quotmouth&quot and twin electric fans, and uprated brakes are hallmarks of Series two cars. De-tuned in US, but nevertheless with triple SUs in the UK, the engine is simply identified visually by the change from smooth polished cam covers to a a lot more industrial ‘ribbed’ look. Late Series 1½ cars also had ribbed cam covers. The interior and dashboard have been also redesigned, with rocker switches that met U.S well being and security regulations being substituted for toggle switches. The dashboard switches also lost their symmetrical layout. New seats were fitted, which purists claim lacked the style of the originals but were surely far more comfortable. Air conditioning and energy steering have been obtainable as factory possibilities.

Production according to Graham[12] is 13,490 of all types.

Series two production numbers from xkedata.com[13]: [omitted — Flickr does not permit tables]

Official delivery numbers by marketplace and year are listed in Porter[three] but no summary totals are provided.

Series 3 (1971-1975)

Series III

• Production
1971–1975

• Physique style(s)
two-door two+two coupe
two-door convertible

• Engine(s)
five.3 L Jaguar V12

• Wheelbase
105 in (2667 mm) (each)[6]

• Length
184.4 in (4684 mm) (2+two)
184.5 in (4686 mm) (OTS)[6]

• Width
66. in (1676 mm) (two+2)
66.1 in (1679 mm) (OTS)[six]

• Height
48.9 in (1242 mm) (two+2)
48.1 in (1222 mm) (OTS)[six]

• Curb weight
3,361 lb (1,525 kg) (two+two)
three,380 lb (1,533 kg) (OTS)[six]

• Fuel capacity
82 L (21.7 US gal 18. imp gal)[14]

A new five.3 L 12-cylinder Jaguar V12 engine was introduced, with uprated brakes and common energy steering. The short wheelbase FHC body style was discontinued and the V12 was available only as a convertible and two+2 coupé. The convertible used the longer-wheelbase two+2 floorplan. It is simply identifiable by the big cross-slatted front grille, flared wheel arches and a badge on the rear that proclaims it to be a V12. There have been also a quite restricted number of four.two litre six-cylinder Series three E-Varieties built. These had been featured in the initial sales literature. It is believed these are the rarest of all E-Kinds of any remaining.

In 2008 a British classic vehicle enthusiast assembled what is surely the last ever E-Variety from components bought from the end-of-production surplus in 1974.[15]

Graham[12] lists production at 15,290.

Series 3 production numbers from xkedata.com[13]: [omitted — Flickr doesn’t allow tables]

Restricted edtions

Two restricted production E-Kind variants had been made as test beds, the Low Drag Coupe and Lightweight E-Type, both of which had been raced:

Low Drag Coupé (1962)

Shortly soon after the introduction of the E-Type, Jaguar management wanted to investigate the possibility of developing a vehicle a lot more in the spirit of the D-Sort racer from which components of the E-Type’s styling and style have been derived. One particular vehicle was constructed to test the concept made as a coupé as its monocoque design and style could only be produced rigid adequate for racing by using the &quotstressed skin&quot principle. Earlier Jaguar racers have been built as open-top cars due to the fact they have been based on ladder frame styles with independent chassis and bodies. Unlike the steel production E-Kinds the LDC utilized lightweight aluminium. Sayer retained the original tub with lighter outer panels riveted and glued to it. The front steel sub frame remained intact, the windshield was given a far more pronounced slope and the rear hatch welded shut. Rear brake cooling ducts appeared next to the rear windows,and the interior trim was discarded, with only insulation around the transmission tunnel. With the exception of the windscreen, all cockpit glass was plexi. A tuned version of Jaguar’s three.8 litre engine with a wide angle cylinder-head style tested on the D-Type racers was used. Air management became a main difficulty and, despite the fact that significantly sexier searching and definitely more rapidly than a production E-Variety, the auto was by no means competitive: the quicker it went, the a lot more it wanted to do what its design dictated: take off.

The one particular and only test bed auto was completed in summer time of 1962 but was sold a year later to Jaguar racing driver Dick Protheroe who raced it extensively and ultimately sold it. Given that then it has passed through the hands of a number of collectors on each sides of the Atlantic and now is believed to reside in the private collection of the existing Viscount Cowdray.

Lightweight E-Variety (1963-1964)

In some approaches, this was an evolution of the Low Drag Coupé. It made substantial use of aluminium alloy in the body panels and other elements. Nonetheless, with at least one particular exception, it remained an open-leading vehicle in the spirit of the D-Kind to which this automobile is a far more direct successor than the production E-Sort which is far more of a GT than a sports vehicle. The automobiles utilized a tuned version of the production 3.8 litre Jaguar engine with 300 bhp (224 kW) output rather than the 265 bhp (198 kW) developed by the &quotordinary&quot version. At least one particular automobile is recognized to have been fitted with fuel-injection.

The vehicles were entered in numerous races but, in contrast to the C-Kind and D-Sort racing cars, they did not win at Le Mans or Sebring.

Motor Sport

Bob Jane won the 1963 Australian GT Championship at the wheel of an E-Variety.

The Jaguar E-Type was extremely profitable in SCCA Production sports vehicle racing with Group44 and Bob Tullius taking the B-Production championship with a Series-three V12 racer in 1975. A couple of years later, Gran-Turismo Jaguar from Cleveland Ohio campaigned a 4.2 L 6 cylinder FHC racer in SCCA production series and in 1980, won the National Championship in the SCCA C-Production Class defeating a completely funded factory Nissan Z-automobile group with Paul Newman.

See also

• Jaguar XK150 – predecessor to the E-Variety
• Jaguar XJS – successor to the E-Kind
• Jaguar XK8 – The E-Type’s present and spiritual successor
• Guyson E12 – a rebodied series III constructed by William Towns

References

• ^ Loughborough graduate and designer of E Variety Jaguar honoured
• ^ 100 most beautiful vehicles
• ^ a b cPorter, Philip (2006). Jaguar E-variety, the definitive history. p. 443. ISBN -85429-580-1.
• ^ a b&quot’69 Series two Jaguar E Varieties&quot, Autocar, October 24, 1968
• ^ a b c d eThe Full Official Jaguar &quotE&quot. Cambridge: Robert Bentley. 1974. p. 12. ISBN -8376-0136-3.
• ^ a b c d e f g&quotJaguar E-Sort Specifications&quot. http://www.web-cars.com/e-variety/specifications.php. Retrieved 29 August 2009.
• ^ a b&quotBuying secondhand E-variety Jaguar&quot. Autocar 141 (nbr4042): pages 50–52. six April 1974.
• ^ See Jaguar Clubs of North America concourse details at: [1] and much more especially the actual Series 1½ concourse guide at [2]
• ^ Ibid.
• ^ Examine correct hand drive VIN numbers offered in JCNA concours guide referred to above with production dates for appropriate hand drive automobiles as reflected in the XKEdata database at [3]
• ^&quotThe Jaguar E-variety&quot. The Motor. March 22, 1961.
• ^ a b cRobson, Graham (2006). A–Z British Cars 1945–1980. Devon, UK: Herridge &amp Sons. ISBN -9541063-9-three.
• ^ a b chttp://www.xkedata.com/stats/. http://www.xkedata.com/stats/. Retrieved 29 August 2009.
• ^Every day Express Motor Show Evaluation 1975 Cars: Page 24 (Jaguar E V12). October 1974.
• ^ jalopnik.com/5101872/british-man-cobbles-with each other-final-ja…

Nice Tool Grinding Solutions images

Nice Tool Grinding Solutions images

Klarm Machining

Some cool tool grinding services pictures:

Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center: SR-71 Blackbird aft-starboard view

Image by Chris Devers
See far more photographs of this, and the Wikipedia write-up.

Particulars, quoting from Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum | Lockheed SR-71 Blackbird:

No reconnaissance aircraft in history has operated globally in much more hostile airspace or with such comprehensive impunity than the SR-71, the world’s fastest jet-propelled aircraft. The Blackbird’s efficiency and operational achievements placed it at the pinnacle of aviation technologies developments during the Cold War.

This Blackbird accrued about 2,800 hours of flight time during 24 years of active service with the U.S. Air Force. On its final flight, March six, 1990, Lt. Col. Ed Yielding and Lt. Col. Joseph Vida set a speed record by flying from Los Angeles to Washington, D.C., in 1 hour, 4 minutes, and 20 seconds, averaging 3,418 kilometers (two,124 miles) per hour. At the flight’s conclusion, they landed at Washington-Dulles International Airport and turned the airplane more than to the Smithsonian.

Transferred from the United States Air Force.

Manufacturer:
Lockheed Aircraft Corporation

Designer:
Clarence L. &quotKelly&quot Johnson

Date:
1964

Country of Origin:
United States of America

Dimensions:
Overall: 18ft five 15/16in. x 55ft 7in. x 107ft 5in., 169998.5lb. (five.638m x 16.942m x 32.741m, 77110.8kg)
Other: 18ft 5 15/16in. x 107ft 5in. x 55ft 7in. (5.638m x 32.741m x 16.942m)

Components:
Titanium

Physical Description:
Twin-engine, two-seat, supersonic strategic reconnaissance aircraft airframe constructed largley of titanium and its alloys vertical tail fins are constructed of a composite (laminated plastic-type material) to minimize radar cross-section Pratt and Whitney J58 (JT11D-20B) turbojet engines feature massive inlet shock cones.

Long Description:
No reconnaissance aircraft in history has operated in much more hostile airspace or with such full impunity than the SR-71 Blackbird. It is the fastest aircraft propelled by air-breathing engines. The Blackbird’s overall performance and operational achievements placed it at the pinnacle of aviation technology developments for the duration of the Cold War. The airplane was conceived when tensions with communist Eastern Europe reached levels approaching a complete-blown crisis in the mid-1950s. U.S. military commanders desperately necessary precise assessments of Soviet worldwide military deployments, particularly close to the Iron Curtain. Lockheed Aircraft Corporation’s subsonic U-2 (see NASM collection) reconnaissance aircraft was an capable platform but the U. S. Air Force recognized that this relatively slow aircraft was currently vulnerable to Soviet interceptors. They also understood that the fast development of surface-to-air missile systems could place U-2 pilots at grave threat. The danger proved reality when a U-2 was shot down by a surface to air missile over the Soviet Union in 1960.

Lockheed’s 1st proposal for a new high speed, higher altitude, reconnaissance aircraft, to be capable of avoiding interceptors and missiles, centered on a design propelled by liquid hydrogen. This proved to be impracticable because of considerable fuel consumption. Lockheed then reconfigured the design for traditional fuels. This was feasible and the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), already flying the Lockheed U-two, issued a production contract for an aircraft designated the A-12. Lockheed’s clandestine ‘Skunk Works’ division (headed by the gifted design engineer Clarence L. &quotKelly&quot Johnson) designed the A-12 to cruise at Mach 3.2 and fly properly above 18,288 m (60,000 feet). To meet these challenging needs, Lockheed engineers overcame several daunting technical challenges. Flying more than three times the speed of sound generates 316° C (600° F) temperatures on external aircraft surfaces, which are adequate to melt conventional aluminum airframes. The style team chose to make the jet’s external skin of titanium alloy to which shielded the internal aluminum airframe. Two standard, but very potent, afterburning turbine engines propelled this exceptional aircraft. These power plants had to operate across a huge speed envelope in flight, from a takeoff speed of 334 kph (207 mph) to far more than 3,540 kph (2,200 mph). To avoid supersonic shock waves from moving inside the engine intake causing flameouts, Johnson’s group had to design and style a complicated air intake and bypass technique for the engines.

Skunk Functions engineers also optimized the A-12 cross-section style to exhibit a low radar profile. Lockheed hoped to accomplish this by carefully shaping the airframe to reflect as tiny transmitted radar power (radio waves) as achievable, and by application of special paint created to absorb, rather than reflect, those waves. This remedy became 1 of the very first applications of stealth technologies, but it never totally met the design and style objectives.

Test pilot Lou Schalk flew the single-seat A-12 on April 24, 1962, right after he became airborne accidentally for the duration of high-speed taxi trials. The airplane showed excellent guarantee but it necessary considerable technical refinement prior to the CIA could fly the first operational sortie on Could 31, 1967 – a surveillance flight over North Vietnam. A-12s, flown by CIA pilots, operated as element of the Air Force’s 1129th Special Activities Squadron beneath the &quotOxcart&quot system. Even though Lockheed continued to refine the A-12, the U. S. Air Force ordered an interceptor version of the aircraft designated the YF-12A. The Skunk Performs, nonetheless, proposed a &quotspecific mission&quot version configured to conduct post-nuclear strike reconnaissance. This program evolved into the USAF’s familiar SR-71.

Lockheed constructed fifteen A-12s, which includes a unique two-seat trainer version. Two A-12s had been modified to carry a particular reconnaissance drone, designated D-21. The modified A-12s were redesignated M-21s. These have been designed to take off with the D-21 drone, powered by a Marquart ramjet engine mounted on a pylon in between the rudders. The M-21 then hauled the drone aloft and launched it at speeds higher enough to ignite the drone’s ramjet motor. Lockheed also constructed 3 YF-12As but this variety in no way went into production. Two of the YF-12As crashed during testing. Only one survives and is on display at the USAF Museum in Dayton, Ohio. The aft section of 1 of the &quotwritten off&quot YF-12As which was later employed along with an SR-71A static test airframe to manufacture the sole SR-71C trainer. 1 SR-71 was lent to NASA and designated YF-12C. Which includes the SR-71C and two SR-71B pilot trainers, Lockheed constructed thirty-two Blackbirds. The first SR-71 flew on December 22, 1964. Simply because of extreme operational fees, military strategists decided that the more capable USAF SR-71s should replace the CIA’s A-12s. These were retired in 1968 right after only one year of operational missions, mainly over southeast Asia. The Air Force’s 1st Strategic Reconnaissance Squadron (part of the 9th Strategic Reconnaissance Wing) took over the missions, flying the SR-71 beginning in the spring of 1968.

After the Air Force started to operate the SR-71, it acquired the official name Blackbird– for the particular black paint that covered the airplane. This paint was formulated to absorb radar signals, to radiate some of the tremendous airframe heat generated by air friction, and to camouflage the aircraft against the dark sky at high altitudes.

Experience gained from the A-12 system convinced the Air Force that flying the SR-71 safely necessary two crew members, a pilot and a Reconnaissance Systems Officer (RSO). The RSO operated with the wide array of monitoring and defensive systems installed on the airplane. This equipment integrated a sophisticated Electronic Counter Measures (ECM) method that could jam most acquisition and targeting radar. In addition to an array of advanced, high-resolution cameras, the aircraft could also carry gear developed to record the strength, frequency, and wavelength of signals emitted by communications and sensor devices such as radar. The SR-71 was created to fly deep into hostile territory, avoiding interception with its tremendous speed and high altitude. It could operate safely at a maximum speed of Mach three.3 at an altitude more than sixteen miles, or 25,908 m (85,000 ft), above the earth. The crew had to put on pressure suits equivalent to these worn by astronauts. These suits have been necessary to shield the crew in the event of sudden cabin stress loss whilst at operating altitudes.

To climb and cruise at supersonic speeds, the Blackbird’s Pratt &amp Whitney J-58 engines had been designed to operate continuously in afterburner. Whilst this would seem to dictate high fuel flows, the Blackbird in fact accomplished its greatest &quotgas mileage,&quot in terms of air nautical miles per pound of fuel burned, during the Mach 3+ cruise. A standard Blackbird reconnaissance flight may require many aerial refueling operations from an airborne tanker. Each time the SR-71 refueled, the crew had to descend to the tanker’s altitude, normally about six,000 m to 9,000 m (20,000 to 30,000 ft), and slow the airplane to subsonic speeds. As velocity decreased, so did frictional heat. This cooling impact caused the aircraft’s skin panels to shrink significantly, and those covering the fuel tanks contracted so much that fuel leaked, forming a distinctive vapor trail as the tanker topped off the Blackbird. As soon as the tanks had been filled, the jet’s crew disconnected from the tanker, relit the afterburners, and once again climbed to higher altitude.

Air Force pilots flew the SR-71 from Kadena AB, Japan, all through its operational career but other bases hosted Blackbird operations, as well. The 9th SRW sometimes deployed from Beale AFB, California, to other locations to carryout operational missions. Cuban missions were flown directly from Beale. The SR-71 did not start to operate in Europe till 1974, and then only temporarily. In 1982, when the U.S. Air Force based two aircraft at Royal Air Force Base Mildenhall to fly monitoring mission in Eastern Europe.

When the SR-71 became operational, orbiting reconnaissance satellites had currently replaced manned aircraft to collect intelligence from sites deep within Soviet territory. Satellites could not cover each geopolitical hotspot so the Blackbird remained a important tool for worldwide intelligence gathering. On many occasions, pilots and RSOs flying the SR-71 supplied information that proved vital in formulating profitable U. S. foreign policy. Blackbird crews offered critical intelligence about the 1973 Yom Kippur War, the Israeli invasion of Lebanon and its aftermath, and pre- and post-strike imagery of the 1986 raid conducted by American air forces on Libya. In 1987, Kadena-based SR-71 crews flew a number of missions more than the Persian Gulf, revealing Iranian Silkworm missile batteries that threatened industrial shipping and American escort vessels.

As the performance of space-based surveillance systems grew, along with the effectiveness of ground-primarily based air defense networks, the Air Force started to drop enthusiasm for the high-priced plan and the 9th SRW ceased SR-71 operations in January 1990. In spite of protests by military leaders, Congress revived the system in 1995. Continued wrangling more than operating budgets, even so, soon led to final termination. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration retained two SR-71As and the one SR-71B for higher-speed study projects and flew these airplanes until 1999.

On March six, 1990, the service career of one Lockheed SR-71A Blackbird ended with a record-setting flight. This unique airplane bore Air Force serial number 64-17972. Lt. Col. Ed Yeilding and his RSO, Lieutenant Colonel Joseph Vida, flew this aircraft from Los Angeles to Washington D.C. in 1 hour, four minutes, and 20 seconds, averaging a speed of 3,418 kph (two,124 mph). At the conclusion of the flight, ‘972 landed at Dulles International Airport and taxied into the custody of the Smithsonian’s National Air and Space Museum. At that time, Lt. Col. Vida had logged 1,392.7 hours of flight time in Blackbirds, far more than that of any other crewman.

This specific SR-71 was also flown by Tom Alison, a former National Air and Space Museum’s Chief of Collections Management. Flying with Detachment 1 at Kadena Air Force Base, Okinawa, Alison logged far more than a dozen ‘972 operational sorties. The aircraft spent twenty-four years in active Air Force service and accrued a total of two,801.1 hours of flight time.

Wingspan: 55’7&quot
Length: 107’5&quot
Height: 18’6&quot
Weight: 170,000 Lbs

Reference and Further Reading:

Crickmore, Paul F. Lockheed SR-71: The Secret Missions Exposed. Oxford: Osprey Publishing, 1996.

Francillon, Rene J. Lockheed Aircraft Since 1913. Annapolis, Md.: Naval Institute Press, 1987.

Johnson, Clarence L. Kelly: Far more Than My Share of It All. Washington D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1985.

Miller, Jay. Lockheed Martin’s Skunk Works. Leicester, U.K.: Midland Counties Publishing Ltd., 1995.

Lockheed SR-71 Blackbird curatorial file, Aeronautics Division, National Air and Space Museum.

DAD, 11-11-01